Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics - Essay Example Wrongful and unethical behavior in the business environment is not a new phenomenon; wrongful acts can be traced back at least two centuries ago. Since the 1970s, public opinion polls have communicated a steady decline in the public's confidence in America's business community, which has shown an infinity for breaking the rules (Gautschi & Jones 205). It is apparent that both the accounting profession and the corporate business world need to regain the trust that stockholders and other constituent groups should have in their ability to manage corporate affairs and conduct business in an independent and moral manner, while still successfully running their businesses. The numerous calls for more and/or improved ethics education illustrates that business students are seen as part of the problem and perhaps eventually as part of the solution (Rich 11-17). Whether ethics can be taught and how it could be taught has been the subject of much research. Many different modules and approaches have been identified in the research and scholarly literature. For example, Armstrong (77-92) exemplifies the code of ethics approach; Langenderfer and Rockness (58-69) focus on ethical decision making through an eight step model to evaluate ethical dilemmas; Rest (1-10), Kohlberg (15-25) and Gilligan (10-21) are relied upon for research focusing on the psychological or moral development issues, an approach that Hiltebeitel and Jones (37-46) and Poneman (185-209) have continued to focus on. Mintz (247-267) claimed that all of these models are useful tools of ethical analysis; however, they ignore the ethical considerations of the actor, focusing only on the act. He noted that it is the actor who is faced with the ethical dilemma and, therefore, it is the actor as agent who will

Overviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overviews - Essay Example According to NHS (2012), it requires the working together of various practitioners so that they can provide the best patient centered care. This involves the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of these cases. Typically, the management entails designing, evaluating and implementing the needed interventions to handle both acute and chronic mental health conditions. The national Quality Protects objectives are normally adapted to improve care management and service delivery for adults with mental health problems. In the diagnosis, evaluation, treatment and management of such conditions, it is normally imperative where required to ensure that the patients are attached to the carers who have the capability of providing them with not only safe but also effective care for the duration of the service. As such every aspect of the management should always be designed in a way that ensures the patient always gets services from practitioners who are capable of giving effective servi ces. This at times requires the formation of a multi-disciplinary team to help out in giving the best possible care. Before initial visit it is important to investigate if service user needs help with communication. It is important to keep service user informed about any relevant literature related to service user’s situation. Also to identify service user’s strengths and support network this include inviting other relevant parties to the meeting to identify social and individual strengths. First check information held for accuracy. If the service user satisfies the FACS criteria, then next stage is to explain available to service user and/or carer in order to agree a care plan strategy. It is important to evaluate the of the agreed care plan before implementing to prevent lack of providing needs or identifying risk. Due to the high prevalence of the mental illnesses and disorders, it is normally imperative to carry out an

Advice on feeding children for parents with concerns about their own eating Essay Example for Free

Advice on feeding children for parents with concerns about their own eating Essay Many parents have concerns about their own eating and worry about the impact that this may have on feeding their children and on their children’s healthy development. What follows below is some advice about how best to manage feeding children for parents or caregivers with their own concerns about eating. A role model for children1 ? Children copy the behaviours of others. Your children will pick up eating behaviours exhibited by parents, siblings, other family members and friends so try to be a positive role model for your child by eating and enjoying regular meals with them if possible. Give children child-sized portions ? For parents who are limiting their own calorie intake or portion size, they may lose sight of what is an appropriate portion for their growing child. It is important to give children suitable portions, rather than those that are too large or too small. Guidance on portion size can be found here: http://www. nhs. uk/change4life/Documents/pdf/Step_By_Step_Me_Size_Meals. pdf or here: http://www. nhs. uk/change4life/pages/kids-portion-size-tips. aspx.? As a general rule, a portion of fruit or vegetables is the same size as a person’s palm. So, a child-size portion of peas on a dinner plate should be the same size as your child’s palm. Offer a healthy, balanced diet ? Children and adults need a nutritious, balanced diet for optimal development and health. Try to ensure that you are giving your children meals that include: fruit and vegetables; starchy foods (e. g. , rice, pasta, bread, potatoes); meat, fish, eggs and beans; milk and dairy foods; and moderate amounts of food containing fat and sugar (see here: http://www.nhs.k/Livewell/Goodfood/Documents/Eatwellplate. pdf). ? Don’t cut food groups out of your child’s diet (unless they have an allergy / intolerance) and do try to offer a variety of foods across mealtimes. ? Ensure that children have three meals a day, as well as healthy snacks. Research suggests that breakfast is particularly important for school children as it provides them with energy required for the day. Listen to your child ? Children are good regulators of their own levels of hunger and fullness. They will tell you when they are hungry and full. If they are often still hungry 20 minutes after finishing their meal, it may be that the portion size is too small for them. Try not to be too controlling2-5 ? Parents may feel that their child needs to eat all the food on their plate in order to be healthy. Avoid pressuring or forcing your child to eat more than he/she wishes. Pressuring children to eat food can result in the food becoming less liked and children eating less of that food. If your child tells you he/she is full, they probably are. ? Try not to overly restrict your child’s access to (unhealthy) foods. Limiting children’s intake of foods can unintentionally make these foods seem more desirable and children may then eat more of these foods if given free access to them (e. g. , at parties). ? Everything in moderation. Keeping track of what your child eats is good parenting and ensuring that your child eats a balanced diet is encouraged. However, it is important to offer your child a balance of foods from all the food groups to ensure healthy growth and development. Above all remember that food is a fuel. Your child requires a healthy, balanced diet and regular meals and snacks in order to grow and remain healthy.

Physical Therapist Report Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapist Report Essay The career I’m most interested in is Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy is Rehabilitation concerned with the restoration of function and prevention of physical disability following disease, injury or loss of body parts. (www. emonetwork. org/terms. asp) Physical Therapist have a very direct relationship with their patients and work with them over a period of time to help them become more mobile. There are numerous reasons why I want to become a physical therapist. Science, since I can remember, has always been my favorite and best subject in school. It’s what I find the most interesting and learn the easiest. Life Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics are all courses I have enjoyed taking. I’ve always known I was going to do something in the Healthcare Profession as a career but I never knew what until recently. I chose physical therapy because its not as much school as a doctor would go through, it’s great pay, you get to help patients live a better life, you get a lot of benefits including health insurance, and employment is expected to grow much faster then the average. Physical therapist earn an average salary of $70,000. They also get paid vacations. Helping people everyday and watching them progress is something I would enjoy doing in life. Physical therapist spend about seven years in school total depending on how long it takes you to complete your undergraduate degree. After completing your undergraduate degree you would have to go through an accredited Physical therapist graduate school, which takes about three years. I plan on going either to Sonoma State University or CSU East Bay to complete my undergraduate degree in kinesiology. After that I want to go to graduate school at the University of California San Francisco. Where: After I complete my Masters and become a licensed physical therapist I want to move to Southern California and work in a hospital down there. After a few years I want to open my own physical therapy business and be self-employed in my own private practice.

Themes of Slaughterhouse 5 by Kurt vonnegut and Catch 22 by Joseph Hell

Themes of Slaughterhouse 5 by Kurt vonnegut and Catch 22 by Joseph Heller In the books, Slaughter House 5 by Kurt Vonnegut and Catch 22 by Joseph Heller there are many themes that at first don’t appear to be related but once given a closer look have striking similarities. Both books are about one mans experience through World War II, one being a fighter pilot and another being a soldier. Each man is known as an anti-war hero. They do not agree with the war and do not find it appropriate to fight for it. Neither of the two men was the average â€Å"John Wayne† war hero that fights and dies for his country. This is what makes these two books stand out from other war books. Both of these books also were used during the Vietnam War as anti-war books denouncing the war. One major theme that comes up in both of these books is the theme of no free will. In Slaughterhouse 5 Vonnegut proclaims through the narrator that there is no such thing as free will and that all things in life are predestined. That no matter what we chose to do we really aren’t choosing to do it at all and that the choice was already made. In Catch 22 the theme is the same just brought to our attention in a different way. Catch 22 is a paradox, leaving no way of escaping from a dilemma. No matter what we do or say we can’t escape it thus leaving us with no free will. Catch 22 is best described in the book when Yossarian states, You don’t have to fly anymore missions if you’re crazy, but you have to ask first and if you ask than you’re not crazy because anyone that wants to get out of combat is not crazy (Heller 46). The utter simplicity of this â€Å"catch† at one-point makes Yossarian let out a whistle. So in essence both of these characters are plagued with the fact that they have no free will. Billy Pilgrim because everything in life is predestined so he has no say in what goes on and Yossarian because he has to keep flying more missions because of Catch 22. Another major theme that comes across in these books is the anti-war hero. Both main characters are the exact opposite of what we would consider war heroes. Yossarian has no intention of laying down his life for his country and thinks anyone that would is utterly stupid. He many times in the book tries to get out of flying more missions by admitting himself to the hospital although he is not sick and ... ...how the ridiculousness of war. They were written to share with everybody that sometimes it isn’t the soldier who kills the most enemy or the pilot who bombs the most targets that are the heroes of the war but it is those people that stand up and proclaim the utter stupidity of war. The heroes are those who stand up for what they believe is right even if that means disobeying an order. These books were written most of all to share with us that war is wrong and is a waste of valuable lives. They convinced us that all free will and sanity is lost in war and that it can destroy men not just physically but also mentally. I think Heller put it best when he described what Yossarian was going through when his friend was dying in his arms, â€Å"Yossarian was cold, and shivering uncontrollably. He felt goose pimples clacking all over him as he gazed down despondently at the grim secret Snowden had spilled all over the messy floor. It was easy to read the message in his entails. Man was matter, that was Snowden’s secret. Drop him out a window and he will fall. Set fire to him and he will burn. Bury him and he will rot, like other kinds of garbage. The spirit gone, man is garbage

Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia :: Communism Soviet Union Russian History Essays

Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia The fall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was more than a political event. The powerful interaction and fusion between politics and economics that characterized the state socialist system created a situation that was unique for the successor states of the Soviet Union. The penetration of the Communist regime into every facet of life left the Russian people with little democratic traditions. Russia faces the seemingly impracticable task of economic liberalization and democratization. This is combined with a necessity to answer nationalist and ethnic questions that have plagued Russia for centuries. This paper addresses the problems of creating a stable democracy in Russia. The prospects for a stable democracy in Russia are limited at best. I will outline some of the concerns that academics have in the consolidation of Russian democracy. What is paramount to note is that a stable democracy must adequately address what Ken Jowitt calls the â€Å"developmental trinity†: nation-building; capitalism and democracy. The dilemma that is especially relevant to Russia it that these conditions are often contradictory. The often messy business of politically reconstructing a nation defies traditional democratic ideals. The establishment of democratic institutions can hinder the development of a market economy and, conversely, programs that are designed to enhance capitalist expansion often are antagonistic towards democratic goals (Jowitt 7). These seemingly endless Catch-22’s are at the heart of difficulties facing Russia in its attempt to create a stable democracy. The Process of Creating A Nation-State The question of who is the playing the game and what makes the playing field is an important one for the Russian Federation. Ethnic and nationalist questions plagued the Soviet Union and continue to stress the Russia Federation during its nascent period. The dynamics of center-periphery relations provides Moscow with some of the greatest challenges in establishing a stable democracy. Phillipe Smitter writes, â€Å"There is no simply democratic way of deciding what a nation and its corresponding political unit should be† (Smitter 66). Later in his article, he writes â€Å"those that have not yet resolved the dilemma of defining their national and territorial boundaries are unlikely to make much more progress in other domains† (Smitter 73). The dilemma facing the Russian Federation is that it finds itself with a charge of establishing and following democratic institutions, while at the same time facing secessionary pressures that seem to require extra-democratic means to preserve the integrity of the nation.

Reaction rates of marble chips :: essays research papers

How can we speed up the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid? Contents 1. Plan  Aim  Equipment  Variable Factors  Prediction  Method  Trial Run 2. Results  Results Tables 3. Analysis and Conclusions  Graphs  Conclusions 4. Evaluation  Accuracy Of Results  Reliability  Improvements  Extending the Investigation 1. Plan Aim I am doing this experiment to find out how I can speed up the reaction rate between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Equipment This is the equipment I will use:  Gas Syringe  Glass Flask  Calcium Carbonate  Hydrochloric Acid Variable Factors The factors that could slow down or speed up this reaction are:  The size of the Calcium Carbonate (marble) pieces – This will affect how fast the acid reacts with the marble, the smaller the pieces, the bigger the surface area so the reaction can take place faster.  The amount of Calcium Carbonate – The more calcium carbonate there is, the more carbon dioxide will be produced and the larger the reaction will be.  The amount of Hydrochloric Acid – The more hydrochloric acid there is, the more carbon dioxide will be produced and the larger the reaction will be.  The temperature of the materials – The temperature of the materials determines how fast the reaction will take place. The hotter the materials, the faster the reaction and vice-versa.  The concentration of Hydrochloric Acid – The higher the concentration (strength) of the acid, the faster it will react.  The purity of the Calcium Carbonate pieces – The purity of the calcium carbonate will affect the speed of the reaction also. Prediction From previous experiments I have learned that if large pieces are broken into smaller pieces they react faster because they have more surface area. This is because at the molecular level, there are more molecules at the surface of the chips for the molecules of acid to react with when the chips are broken into smaller pieces. The same principle can be applied to the marble chips. The smaller the chips the more surface area so I predict that the smaller marble chips will react faster than the larger chips. Method Here is the set up: In this experiment I will be keeping the variables I mentioned earlier the same except one to keep the experiment fair. I will be changing the size of the marble chips to see which size reacts the fastest. The gas syringe is firstly clamped to the stand and a plastic tube and bung are attached to the syringe.

Essay --

Hello everyone! I am thrilled to announce that I will once again be miniaturized along with my submarine and take you on another Fantastic Voyage inside the human body. In case you have forgotten the details of our last journey, my sub and I will be shrunken down to be 8 microns long. This time I will be swallowed by Fred, a 55 year old man, while he enjoys a hamburger, French fries, and root beer. As I pilot my way through his body, I will be describing the process of digestion and what major structures I see and come across. Can you imagine being part of someone’s meal? Neither can I, yet here I am being chewed and mixed with a juicy burger by Fred’s teeth. As Fred enjoys his meal, the first part of digestion is happening in his oral cavity. Fred’s burger is a mixture of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. As he chews and moves his food around with the help of his tongue, I can see his saliva coming from different angles and mixing with his food. There are three pairs of salivary glands, the parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals. They secrete most (about 1L) of the saliva produced each day in an adult. (Thibodeau & Patton, 2008, pg397) Saliva contains mucus and a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase. As you can see here, the process of chewing combined with this mucus is allowing the food to break down into a small bolus. After this process I am now mixed up with the bolus and with the help of Fred’s tongue, I have began moving down into the pharynx and then down t o this muscular tube called the esophagus. The esophagus is a stretchy pipe, about 25 centimeters that carries food and liquids from the throat to the stomach for digestion after it has been chewed and chemically softened in the mouth. (InnerBody, 2013) ... ...nce: Thibodeau, G., Patton, K. (2008). Structure and Function of the Body (13th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier Publishing. InnerBody, Digestive System. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.innerbody.com/image/digeov.html KidsHealth (1995). Your Digestive System, On the way down. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/digestive_system.html# Inner Body, Superior Mesenteric Artery. (1999). Retrieved from http://www.innerbody.com/image_dige08/card25.html Coffman, M. A. (n.d.). The Absorption of Food by the Human Body | Healthy Eating | SF Gate. Retrieved from http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/absorption-food-human-body-4100.html Oza, N., & Cooper, D. (2011, May 18). How Does the Human Body Maintain Homeostasis? How Chemicals and Organs Work Together to Keep the Body in Balance. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/science/medical/articles/111342.aspx

Should the Sat Be Required?

First introduced in the year 1926, for many years now – the SAT, or Scholastic Assessment Test, has been a major part of our high schooler’s education. It is a requirement in order to graduate – and is a chief determining factor in whether or not a student will be accepted into certain colleges. In fact, a student could have straight D’s and C’s, yet if they were to receive a perfect or near perfect score on this particular test – they would be able to apply and be accepted into the most prestigious of schools. I think this is absolutely ludicrous.The SAT test is one tailored to be one of the trickiest you’ve ever taken, one that is actually designed to fool you into misunderstanding every question. Not to mention the stress that overcomes most students as they’re taking this timed test, second guessing every answer and worrying about every little thing until finally the time is up – and they feel like a failure. Itâ€⠄¢s silly to put a student in this atmosphere – where most are not at their best – test them on random subjects, and then allow this score to come before every other score they’ve ever received in their life.Indeed a quote from Einstein comes to mind as I think about it, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a  fish  by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid†. The SAT has been under scrutiny for years now, often accused of being biased in the upper class’ favor. In fact, studies have shown that students from families with an income less than $20,000 a year received an average score of 1,310, while students from families with incomes over $200,000 averaged in at about 1,715 – a difference of 405 points.There was also a large controversy over the ‘oarsman-regatta analogy question’. The purpose of the question poised was â€Å"to find the pair of terms that have the relatio nship most similar to the relationship between â€Å"runner† and â€Å"marathon†. The correct answer was â€Å"oarsman† and â€Å"regatta†. The choice of the correct answer presupposed students' familiarity with crew, a sport popular with the wealthy, and so upon their knowledge of its structure and terminology.Fifty-three percent of white students correctly answered the question, while only 22% of black students also scored correctly. However, according to Murray and Herrnstein, the black-white gap is smaller in culture-loaded questions like this one than in questions that appear to be culturally neutral. Analogy questions have since been replaced by short reading passages†. In response to the controversy, a growing number of colleges have chosen to join the ‘SAT optional movement’, a movement made popular in the late 1980s.Said colleges do not require the SAT for admission. In a 2001 speech to the  American Council on Education,   Richard C. Atkinson, the president of the  University of California, urged dropping the SAT Reasoning Test as a college admissions requirement, â€Å"Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices, how the test is perceived by many as unfair, and how it can have a devastating impact on the self-esteem and aspirations of young students.There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education†. I very much agree with his argument, and many are starting to see his point as well. I am very hopeful that in the growing infamy of the test, it will vanish as a requirement all together, and that the next generation will never have to deal with the problems such a test presents.

Hard Times: Many Symbols about Human Nature

In Dickens's Hard Times, there are many symbols that run through the novel. These symbols stand for much more than Just word you would come across multiple times as you read. Each symbol can mean something about human nature, human relationships, morality, and even about our society. Each symbol can have a different meaning to all of us. The symbols that came up frequently and that stood out to me as I read were staircase, Pegasus, smoke serpents, and fire. The first symbol that stood out to me was the staircase Mrs. Sparsit imagines. This ymbol stood out to me when Mrs.Sparsit notices that Louisa and Harthouse are spending a bunch of time together. As she notices this, she imagines that Louisa is running down some sort of staircase into a â€Å"dark pit of shame and ruin at the bottom. † I believe that this staircase represents her belief that Louisa is going to disappear with Harthouse and ruin herself forever. Mrs. Sparsit has disliked Bounderbys marriage to the Louisa and has always hoped to marry him herself. So this makes her very happy by Louisa's action to disappear with Harthouse. Through he staircase, Dickens reveals how Mrs.Sparsit's character is hypocritical. He also suggests that Mrs. Sparsit's own self misinterprets the situation between Louisa and Harthouse. She misinterprets this because she ends up in shame by having an affair with Harthouse and Louisa ends up returning home to her father. The next symbol that stood out to me was the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus. Mr. Slearys circus entertainers would stay at an inn called the Pegasus Arms. The symbol is inside of this inn. On the inside of this inn, the symbol is a Pegasus that is a odel of a flying horse with golden stars stuck on all over him.This symbol, the Pegasus, represents a world of fantasy and beauty from which Gradgrinds children are not a part of. There is a point when Mr. Gradgrind informs the pupils at his school that wallpaper with horses on it is unrealistic because h orses do not in fact live on walls. He always taught the kids hard facts and nothing but them and to not have an imagination. The circus people however live in a world in which horses can dance and flying horses can be imagined even if they do not in fact really exist in the eal world.The name of this inn shows the contrast between the imaginative and very happy world of the circus and Mr. Gradgrind's belief in the importance of fact and to have no imagination. Another symbol that stood out to me was the smoke serpents above Coketown. The symbol was the streams of smoke that was in the skies above Coketown. These streams are the outcome of factories and industrialization. However, these smoke serpents also represent the obliviousness of some factory owners like Bounderby. He is always so focused on making as much money and profit as he possibly can.Bounderby concludes that the serpents of smoke are a positive sign that the factories are producing and making a g prott Bounderby tails to see the smoke as a torm of unhealthy pollution because he is so concerned about making a profit. He also fails to recognize his own abuse of the hands in his factories. He does not realize how miserable and poor his workers are and is more worried about his business and himself. The final symbol that stood out to me was fire. The first time the symbol fire stood out to me was when Louisa is first introduced in Chapter 3.The narrator explains that here is a â€Å"fire with nothing to burn, a starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow. † This shows that Louisa seems she has not listened to her father's beliefs against wondering and imagining. The fire also shows a certain kid of warmth. It is says that Louisa often stares into the fireplace when she is alone. She stares as if she sees things in the flames that others do not, like her rigid father and brother. However, there is also another kind of fire that stands out to me in Hard Times. The other time I think of f ire in this novel is the fires that keep the factories running.The fire provides heat and power for machines. This shows that fire can be an example of an evil that can be used as a greater good. Through this symbol, Dickens shows the importance of imagination to show the industrialization of human nature. In conclusion, symbols can mean and represent many things in life. People use different symbols every day to represent something that they believe in. For example, many very religious people may wear a cross around their neck to show a symbol of faith Just how the Pegasus from Mrs. Slearys circus is a symbol to the people to have an imagination.

The Review of In Search of Management by Tony J. Watson

The Review of In Search of Management by Tony J. Watson Introduction The management is the crucial aspect of the organization success. There are a lot of study materials and professional literature on this topic. The book In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos, and Control in Managerial Work by Tony J. Watson is devoted to the problems of the managerial work. The author is the British author and the professor at the Nottingham University Business School.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Review of In Search of Management by Tony J. Watson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He specializes in the research on â€Å"organizations, managerial work, strategy-making, entrepreneurship, HRM and industrial sociology† (Watson 2013, n.pag.). Professor Tony J. Watson gained his BA in London in 1968, MSc in Loughborough in 1972, and PhD in Nottingham in 1976 (Business school n.pag.). The author published a number of reputable works on management and strategy development. His books cover the topics of his research interests including â€Å"the organization theory and the sociology of work; managerial, entrepreneurial, strategic and human resourcing behavior in organizations; organizational culture; and ethnography† (Business school n.pag.). The works by Professor Watson are highly appreciated by the economists and managers. They are used as the study materials at the business schools as well. Tony J. Watson is the ongoing member of a number of the memberships and fellowships. In particular, he is a member of the Chartered Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CPID), the member of the editorial boards of Human Relations, Journal of Management Studies, and Personal Review (Business school n.pag.). He is also an ongoing member of the British Academy of Management (Business school n.pag.). Prof. Watson says that he is â€Å"especially enthusiastic about narrative forms of research reporting as means of teaching and provi ding insights to a range of audiences about the complexities, contradictions, pains and delights of organizational and business life† (Business school n.pag.). In the book In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos, and Control in Managerial Work, Tony J. Watson uncovers the problems of the managerial work from the standpoint of the attitude of the middle managers to their responsibilities and the company, for which they work.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Key Points of Criticism In Search of Management presents the interesting view on the organization’s management as the author analyses the different aspects of the managerial work taking into consideration the responses of the middle class managers regarding their job. It can be stated that the book is unique as the majority of other authors have not considered the problem in this context. In should be noted that the most part of the research on management is based on the quantitative estimation of its quality and efficiency. The central theme of the book In Search of Management is the â€Å"discovery of what management is look like† (Watson 2001, n.pag.). The main goal of the author was to create the book, which would be helpful for the broad range of users. It was a challenging task taking into account the fact that people tended to draw a distinction between the â€Å"academic† books and the â€Å"practical† manuals. It may be no accident that the author decides to present his dialogue with his management fellow. He tries to emphasize that there is a widespread opinion in the managerial community that the management in theory and the management in practice are two rather different concepts and that the academics do not capture the problems of real managerial work in their research quite often. Watson says that he tries to erase this distinction b etween the academic and practical management in his book In Search of Management. The author argues that â€Å"the managers themselves, however much they tend to scorn the very idea of theory, are inevitably theorists of a sort† (Watson 2001, p. 2). In my view, the author has achieved his goal. He masterly applies the theoretical conceptions to the practical issues arguing the strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s management. In addition, Watson’s book is not overloaded with the terminology and, thus, is appropriate for the readers of the wide range. The book is written in the form of a story. The comprehensive language and the structure of the book support its universality. Rosemary Stewart (1994) states in her book review published in The Independent that the book can be described as the â€Å"diary of a professor at work† (Stewart 1994).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The Review of In Search of Management by To ny J. Watson specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Search of Management encompasses the realities of the world of management. Stewart (1994) claims that the book â€Å"is about people and its purpose is to help organizations survive† (Stewart 1994, n.pag.). In my view, these words reflect the essence of the book and its value. The author puts the emphasis on the role of people in organization. That is why he tries to consider the managerial work from the standpoint of the process of communication and collaboration with people. Watson states that the efficiency of management is directly related to how well people inside the organization work together. The concept of the â€Å"team† plays a vital role in his book. Watson tries to prove the idea that the long-term success of the organization is determined by the effectiveness of the team work. In his book, Watson analyses the reasons for failure of the British manufacturing companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s strategy. Although the employees of the company were rather competent in their work, the company could not progress further and was not able to compete in the market successfully. It seemed that the management lost the direction in the way of its strategy realization. The managers claimed that everyone in the organization had their task and everyone did it well but it did not helped. The author of the book argued that the problem of this company boiled down to the fact that its managers paid too much attention to the philosophical aspect of management. As a result, employees were frequently told about the values and goals of the organization. However, what the company lacked was the sufficient attention to the technical aspect of their work. The commitment of the employees was not enough to improve the performance.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Search of Management is very interesting book, which is worthy to read for both the academics and practitioners. Willmott (1995) describes the book as â€Å"an insightful, eloquent and entertaining account of the complexity, chaos and ambivalence that is so carefully expurgated from the majority of academic textbooks, guru handbooks and scholarly monographs† (Willmott 1995, n.pag.). It should be said that the first edition of In Search of Management was published in 1994. However, the ideas presented by the author remain urgent nowadays. Prof. Watson says that it is not surprising that his book is still popular as the factors influencing the managerial work remain the same. He states that, although the significant changes have occurred in the business world since the time of the first publishing of his book, the nature of the problems, which the managers should solve, have not been changed. Dr. David Potter claims that In Search of Management remains up-to-date as â€Å"t he ideas of Watson still sound very practical† (Potter 2010, n.pag.). Conclusion In order to sum up all above mentioned, it should be said that the book In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos, and Control in Managerial Work by Tony J. Watson represents the important material for study and provides the background for further research. The author touches upon the urgent problems of the managerial work. The central theme of the book is the search of the essence of management. The analysis presented in the work is based on the interviews with the managers of the company. The author tries to explain why the commitment of employees may be not enough to achieve the goals of the company. In spite of the fact that the first edition of the book was published 19 years ago, it remains relevant today. Overall, the book In Search of Management is the interesting work, which I recommend to read everyone, who is interested in management. References Business school. Professor Tony Watson, not tingham.ac.uk/business/liztw.html Potter, D 2010, My Cultural Reflections; Tone Watson â€Å"In Search of management†, culturalchange.co.uk/?p=1088 Stewart, R 1994, ‘Book Review / Diary of a professor at work: In search of management, Tony J Watson; Routledge, pounds 40hb, pounds 12.99pb’, The Independent, 7 September, n.pag., independent.co.uk/news/business/book-reviewdiary-of-a-professor-at-work-in-search-of-management-tony-j-watson-routledge-pounds-40hb-pounds-1299pb-1447296.html Watson, T. 2001, In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos, and Control in Managerial Work, Thomson Learning, London Watson, T 2013, Tony Watson. Nottingham Trent University, uk.sagepub.com/authorDetails.nav?contribId=20125 Willmott, H 1995, In Search of Management: Culture, Chaos, and Control in Managerial Work, http://business.highbeam.com/138396/article-1G1-17231473/search-management-culture-chaos-and-control-managerial

What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay Example

What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay Example What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society Essay What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society? Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: What freedoms does literacy offer in a globalized society? Within globalized societies, the main agenda is the expansion of the actual liberties that people enjoy. Literacy is one of the instruments that most people use in the expression of freedom. The use of written communication in today’s world follows economic and socio-political systems as well as operations at domestic, national and global heights. Literacy provides institutions and other individuals with opportunities for learning new elements. The wide variety of literacy methods and practices used by people and communities in different contexts display the randomness through which literacy is acquired or used. Firstly, the more scholars study the process through which literacy is set in, the better the chances of the global community to view literacy as an actual instrument of freedom. Literacy bears many qualities of freedom as it is embedded in social relationships and change. Contributions on literacy by Amartya Sen analyze the value of literacy in pursuing opportunities as a means of maximizing freedoms. According to Sen, developed societies may have the freedom to decide and follow the lifestyle that people deem as valuable (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 214). In such situations, the individual’s actions are shaped by the environment and they determine the social context (Robinson-Pant 2003, p. 355). Secondly, negative aspects of denial of freedom such as child mortality, insecurity and unemployment are created and shaped by the society. Sen states that different communities possess different freedoms and consequently, different limits for organizing social transformation (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 217). Freedom forms the foundation for development within a society. According to Sen, a social structure such as the state are qualified subjects for studying freedom and links it to support for expanding people’s freedoms. The need for this support cannot be any clearer than in literacy. Lack of literacy illustrates a lack of freedom or as Sen puts it â€Å"unfreedom† (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 232). In addition, the fast pace of globalization in an already largely literate society exists amid 700 million individuals who lack the information to improve their lives, and play an increased role in politics and economic activities. Literacy carries certain advantages from political to economic. This is because acquisition of literacy improves an individual’s confidence and sense of worth. Such knowledge provides a way to increased civic participation with better knowledge on family planning and education matters. Data on literacy is however difficult to obtain as very little research has been done on the subject (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 223). Based on the latest researches, most reports place the number of illiterate adults at 774 million. That represents about 18% of the total world adult population. The majority of adults with little or no literacy are situated in sub-Saharan Africa, South and West Asia and the Pacific. In terms of gender, women represent about 64% of the total illiterate population (Horsman 2005, p. 167). Most of this percentage of the illiterate population resides in fifteen countries. South Asia has the lowest literacy levels mainly because of Bangladesh and Pakistan that have 47% and 50% respectively. Lower literacy levels are synonymous with low poverty levels. An example is in Ethiopia, Bangladesh and India where over 80% of the population lives below $2 a day. In these societies, the literacy levels are below 63% and the number of illiterate individuals stands at about 4 million people (Horsman 2005, p. 168). Literacy levels also tend to be lower in rural areas, among indigenous people and minorities. EFA goals currently set the bar for countries to achieve a 50% increase in adult literacy levels before 2015 particularly for women. These standards were unachievable, as some countries have already achieved over 60% literacy levels (Agnaou 2004, p. 123). Contemporary assessments of literacy do not encapsulate the political and academic debates that have occurred in the recent past. The definition of literacy has however grown to include human resource skills and socio-cultural as well as political change. From the 1960s, functional literacy developed alongside social change as a tool of development and consequently, development (Rajak 2007, p. 123). In addition, certain freedoms are realized from literacy in a direct manner while others are benefits accrued because of literacy within the society. Basic political rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of action and freedom of life are given by the mere acknowledgement of literacy. The slave owners in South America convinced legislators to prohibit slaves from reading. Islam societies similarly treat their women as virtual slaves as they are banned from attending school to keep them ignorant and illiterate. These two instances of denying certain sections of the society the privilege of a proper education signify the power of literacy. For an individual to be able to enjoy their individual freedoms they have to be able to read (Hung, Yoong, Brown 2012, p. 27). Intellectual empowerment is the starting point for individual freedom. Scholars have proved there is a direct relation between literacy, prosperity and improved living standards. These capabilities accrued from literacy such as increased incomes, civil liberties and health are assumed the means through which an individual can achieve certain freedoms. This argument is slightly different from the conventional one that claims that education and health are the means to achieving the final product that is income. According to Sen, income is just but one aspect that combines with other aspects to provide an individual and society with greater freedom (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 229). The use of literacy however depends on the society and the context in which it used (Juceviciene, Merkys Reinert 2002, p. 134). Particular countries such as China, South Korea and Taiwan have made great economic and political achievements that have translated into increased freedoms for their citizens. The rationale given behind their rapid economic development might be given as strategic exploitation of the global economy. However, basic education has played a major role in these developments. The case of China was particularly helped by its increased investment in the education sector. Under Mao Tse-tung, the basic education policies that were adopted in China made the country have an upper hand in benefiting from the global economy. Education, in this case, expanded the capabilities of the Chinese people that results in various types of rewards (Eisenberg, Lowe Spitzer 2004, p. 232). When people are illiterate, they are less likely to comprehend their legal rights and to protect them when required. This serves as a major setback in a scenario where on e party violates the rights of others. This problem mainly affects the poor populations as their rights are often violated due to a high level of illiteracy. As was mentioned earlier, women are more affected by illiteracy and as a result, they enjoy fewer freedoms. Women nit being able to read or write exposes them to violation in property rights and expression of other freedoms as they are unfairly treated. Implementing a strong sense of law within the society will not be beneficial, as people cannot take advantage of the laws if they cannot read them (Horsman 2005, p. 97). Illiteracy can lead to denial of political freedoms within a society. The reverse is true in more developed communities such as those in North America and parts of Europe. Literacy provides the members of a society with the opportunity to exercise their political rights such as voting in area representatives or providing opinion on policies. Literacy gives an individual the ability to decipher political jargon and at the same time, deliver politically relevant declarations. This is very important in the expression of demands to the state. Political freedoms are by far the most abused in countries having the highest rates of illiteracy. In such countries, the inequality in distribution of resources by the government leads to poverty in certain areas followed by illiteracy that completes the circle of muffled freedoms (Brayman Hackel Kelly 2008, p. 175). Studies done by Sen elaborate on different aspects of human security as part of the freedoms enjoyed in globalized societies. According to Sen, human security is achieved when the voice of the citizen is strengthened through increased literacy (Raley Preyer 2012, p. 237). An instance of food insecurity as suppression of the right to food and a denial of the freedom of choice on what to consume as an individual and a society will suffice to elaborate the relationship between literacy, political expression and realization of freedoms. Within established democracies, cases of food shortages are not recorded as people in these states are give political voice. This is because criticism of the failed government channeled by the free press will force the government to act swiftly to mitigate the effects of food shortage (Agnaou 2004, p. 121). Finally, the development of women and girls in most underdeveloped countries has been pegged on their ability to maintain autonomous incomes, possess ownership rights, literate and education. Literacy is solely responsible for the empowerment of women across the world. Although all these factors affecting women may seem diverse and unrelated, they cumulatively combine to suppress women’s freedoms. Social problems such as overpopulation have been found to reduce or even disappear because of an increase in literacy and education among women. In conclusion, literacy has had an important role in shaping some of the major events in the world that have later benefited the societies that embraced it. Literacy has played a major role in colonialism as it was considered the channel through which civilization could be spread within Asia and Africa. Among Christians and British soldiers in Uganda for example, the ability to read was assumed to bring about other skills such as reflection and increased reasoning (Daniell Mortensen 2007, p. 187). After independence, literacy also played a big role in building the new nations. Literacy was seen as an underlying factor to modernization that would ensure increased freedoms for the citizens. Literacy can also be considered as a form of power. To the illiterate person living in abject poverty, gaining literacy and education presents them with limitless power to transform their immediate surroundings. References Agnaou, F 2004, Gender, literacy, and empowerment in Morocco, Routledge, New York. Brayman Hackel, H Kelly, CE 2008, Reading women: Literacy, authorship, and culture in the Atlantic world, 1500-1800, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Daniell, B Mortensen, P 2007, Women and literacy: Local and global inquiries for a new century, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York. Eisenberg, MB, Lowe, CA Spitzer, KL 2004, Information Literacy: Essential Skills for the. Information Age, Libraries Unlimited, Westport. Horsman, J 2005, Too scared to learn women, violence, and education, McGilligan Books/Mahwah, Toronto. Hung, AJ, Yoong, J Brown, E 2012, â€Å"Empowering. Women Through Financial Awareness and Education†, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, no. 14, OECD Publishing, pp. 1-42. Juceviciene, P, Merkys, G, Reinert, GB 2002, Towards the Learning Society: Educational Issues. Lang, Frankfurt. Rajak, MP 2007, Literacy for equality and empowerment of women, Man and Life, vol. 33, no, 4, pp. 121-124. Raley, Y Preyer, G, 2010, Philosophy of education in the era of globalization, Routledge, New York. Robinson-Pant, A 2000, ‘Women and literacy: a Nepal Perspective’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 20, pp 349-364.

Evolutionary Explanations of Parental Investment Essays

Evolutionary Explanations of Parental Investment Essays Evolutionary Explanations of Parental Investment Paper Evolutionary Explanations of Parental Investment Paper The parental investment theory was put forward by Robert Trivers in 1972, and argues that differences between males and females have their origins in the different amount of time, energy and effort being put into having a child. We often hear that males seem to behave in a more aggressive manner, they care more about physical attractiveness in a partner than personality, and that women value financial capacity of potential partners the most (Buss, 1989). An explanation of this is that males and females have a different amount of parental investment, and the root of the behaviour is in Darwins natural selection theory which proposes that those who are reproductively successful and leave more offspring will have their characteristics passed on. Therefore, the aim for both males and females is to create as many living, healthy offspring as possible. A males investment is relatively small, as he has almost no limit to how many children he can make, and therefore the best way to maximise his reproductive success is to have many matings with multiple fertile partners. However, a females investment is very substantial. She has a limited supply of gamete and her reproductive life is short, she carries the growing foetus around for 9 months and after giving birth, she must continue to nourish the child by breastfeeding, or else the child will not survive. Therefore, her best chance of reproductive success is to ensure the survival of her few precious offspring, and therefore will need a partner who is able to provide for her and her child, showing commitment when she cannot get her own food because of being too busy looking after the child. This theory helps us to understand mate preferences. Buss (1989), having conducted a commendable 33-country cross-cultural study found that men valued physical attractiveness more than women did and also valued women younger than themselves. This supports the idea of men wanting fertile women with good genes, although as this study was a survey, we cannot for definite rule out dishonesty or indeed differences in the definition of preference or value between cultures or between sexes. Evidence for the theory was also found in Clark and Hatfields studies (1989 and 1990) where male and female students were approached by strangers asking for casual sex. Interestingly, none of the women agreed but 75% of men did, suggesting that they may want to spread out their genes between willing fertile volunteers. Trivers theory helps us to understand the observed differences in sexual jealousy (men became more distressed at the thought of their partners being sexually unfaithful whilst women were more concerned with their male partner being in love with another person Buss, 1993). It must be mentioned here that this type of experiment has several ethical problems, like the lack of informed consent at the beginning and distress. It may just have been that the females felt more vulnerable since they did not know the strangers and perhaps would have agreed under different circumstances. Also, the outcome of the study may have been down to biological differences in hormone levels and brain structure rather than evolutionary behaviour. The parental investment theory suggests that a male is more likely to want lots of partners for reproductive success, and evidence for this was given by Buss and Schmitt (1993) when they asked men and women their ideal number of sexual partners in a lifetime. The averages were, respectively, 18 (men) and between 4 and 5 (women). This clear difference shows that men tend to seek and desire a greater number of partners, and the theory can explain why this is.  A major flaw in the evolutionary explanation is that it is practically impossible to prove it because we cannot, as of yet, travel through time and witness the behaviour of our predecessors firsthand. Having said this, it is relatively reliable due to its links with Darwins widely-accepted theories of sexual selection and natural selection. Furthermore, the theory ignores the obvious evidence that not all mating is about long-term relationships and that women as well as men clearly engage in short-term relationships.  An extension or even improvement of the theory is the Sexual Strategies theory devised by Buss and Schmitt (1993). It argues that the parental investment theory is too reductionist and that men and women might look for both a short-term and long-term mate, and demonstrates behaviours for both; women as well as men might want to have a one-night stand for mate insurance, just in case her proper mate disappears. There has been evidence to support this (Norman and Kendrick, 2006), showing that women will look for physically attractive males especially in a one-night stand. It would seem that the parental investment theory may be rather accurate in that it explains a variety of behaviour differences between males and females, but it is almost impossible to prove and other theories such as the SS theory by Buss and Schmitt (1993) provides an answer to some of the limitations of the theory. It is likely that the two theories together provide a better explanation than the parental investment theory alone.

Medievil Times essays

Medievil Times essays What was Medieval life like? The medieval times were very difficult, with many diseases, atrocious food and was nothing like our society today. Medieval times are especially famous because of wars fought with swords, bows and arrows, and also because of Christianitys corruption and things like the forms of government and types of protection offered. Times werent favorable in this era, but there were definitely some bright moments in the process. Shrek 2 shows off many aspects of the Middle Ages, in an witty, modern day fashion. Shrek and Fiona set the stage as two newlywed ogres in a fairytale styled world, adjusting to their new lifestyle with their loveable pal, Donkey. Conflict occurs, however, when Shrek and Fiona go to visit Fionas parents back at the castle. Princess Fiona, daughter of the king and queen of Far, Far Away, was struck by a terrible curse long ago nightly, she would turn into an ogre, while at the beginning of each day, returning to her normal, humanlike form. To break the spell, Fiona would have to meet the man of her dreams to kiss her at midnight so she could become her beautiful self forever. Fiona, however, chose to permanently be an ogre to more comfortably spend her life with Shrek. Her parents are appalled seeing her daughter as an ogre but disgusted seeing the man of her dreams as an ogre as well. The king of Far, Far Away, also known as Fionas father, will stop at nothing to get this ogre away from her daughter so she can marry a real prince to rid her of this spell. Afte r mutual brutal behavior between the two men, the king sets Shrek into a deadly trap by pretending to be on good terms with him. From there, Shrek, Donkey and their new feline friend go on a quest so that Shrek can fit the needs of Fiona and her family only to discover that him being who he was is the only thing Fiona wanted of him. Feudalism was an important aspect of this era. It ...

Radical individualism Essay Example

Radical individualism Essay Example Radical individualism Paper Radical individualism Paper Reagan presidency as a reason of rampantindividualism President Reagans regime in 1981-1989 was typical of massive greed, corruption, rampant individualism and selfishness of politicians, investors and government officials who grabbed, manipulated and squandered national resources for their own benefit. It was the era where amassing wealth became a national obsession. Instead of seeking for individual rights and civic obligation for the common good, everyone seemed to care for his/her needs first. Individualism was so powerful that each citizen would be shut up in the solitude of his own heart. But all this arose as a result of Reagans contempt for government and his glorification of self-interest. Officials placed personal gains above public interest (Boyer, 980, p.404). The cloud of opportunities and greed overrode federal obligation. By the end of Reagans tenor, 138 administration officials had been convicted with corruption claims. Ideally, the eras get rich quick drive saw the corporate takeovers, highly leveraged buyouts, and junk-bond millionaires face imprisonment after being convicted with white-collar crimes. Commented Sterner postulated that the era had the most selfish generation in the United States. Major concerns that surfaced included deceptive pricing, escalated military spending, inflated labor costs as well as pentagon-procurement abuses. Federal agencies such the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) were so corrupt to the point that its top officials propagated fraudulent contracts worth millions to political connected builders and consultants. Wedtech Company, for example, won $250 million in no-bid minority contracts but ended up collapsing and being declared bankrupt after its insiders faced multiple scandals. Attorney General Edwin Meese was also charged for taking bribes and falsifying income tax returns. Individualism also crippled investments. High flying deal makers made headlines and ruled Wall Street. The torrent of mergers involved hostile takeovers by riders. The high-interest rates in the late 1970s impelled SLs to raise prices to attract deposits even though their capital was tied up in low-interest mortgages. As evident from the above, individualism corrupted the legacy of Reagan presidency and in the end, he declared that all he wanted to see was a country where someone could get rich. References Boyer, P. (1980). Promises to Keep: The United States since World War II. Chapter: 7 A section from this weeks reading from Boyer is entitled Individualism Rampant: American Life in the 1980s (pp 404 -407).T The 1980s Facts ; Summary HISTORY.com. (n.d.). Accessed on 11 March 2017. Retrieved from history.com/topics/1980s

Aparteid essays

Aparteid essays The idea of apartheid started in South Africa around the year 1910. This all came about when Britain took over South Africa. The British thought that whites should be superior to all other races and that they should live better life styles than anyone that was not white. The rules of apartheid applied to all non - whites, and not just blacks even though blacks made up most of South Africa. The British split these non - whites into 3 racial catagories; Africans,Coloureds(those mixed of African and European descent), and Asians. Under the rules of Apartheid whites had a high standard of living while non - whites suffered from poverty and were very discriminated against. Apartheid was especially harsh on blacks. blacks could not vote and it was unheard of for a black person to be in politics. All non - whites had to carry a passbook that included information such as place of birth, date of birth, race, place of employment, and tax records. All non - whites were restricted to live on their designated reserve. The Native Land Act prevented non - whites from buying or owning land outside their reserve. The Group Areas Act divided 13 percent of South Africa into 10 homelands for black population. The rest of south Africa was reserved for whites. Coloureds and Asians lived within the white areas in segregated towns. Even though whites only took up one fifth of the population they still owned much more land than the four fifths of non - whites. Only one fourth of the whites lived on farms while the rest lived in cities. Almost all non - whites lived on farm areas and their homes were small huts made of sod and grass. They looked sort of like cone shaped beehives. These areas were called townships. Most blacks would leave their townships when they were teenagers to find work or to find land for mining. ...

Zimbabwe and Global Health Care Systems Assignment

Zimbabwe and Global Health Care Systems - Assignment Example From this research, it is clear that the World Health Organization (WHO) identifies that a functional health care system anywhere in the world is primary to the achievement of universal coverage of health care. Global Healthcare system refers to the various framework that countries anchor their health care. It covers three critical issues that include access to quality health care, a role of government policies in health care financing and national and global health care concerns. In the wake of 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Primary Health Care (PHC) package provided a bearing to the desired health care needs. According to United Nations Declaration 2012 Report, it identified that despite increased emphasis on universal health care access, many developing countries continue to have high mortality rates. During the study that informed the declaration, it was noted that 75 countries mainly from developing countries accounted for 95% of morbidity and mortality. Notab ly, maternal and neonatal mortality were at unprecedented levels. Zimbabwe was one of the nations in Africa that continue to face myriad health care challenges that led to high mortality rates. Campbell identifies that the recent analyses have drawn attention to the weakness of health care systems. Delivery of health care at community and in hospitals in any country is influenced how the country's health department organizes care framework. In response to health care system deficiencies, a number of countries have embarked on focusing on three important components of an ideal health care system.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Research paper - Essay Example Thus, this paper considers supporting and opposing arguments, arguing against the perception painted by the media that the sports are too dangerous. Introduction The phrase, ‘extreme sport,’ refers to a collection of activities traditionally associated with risk taking. They mostly involves dangerous elements like severe weather, high speeds and high altitudes, therefore making them highly risky sports, particularly when judgment or equipment fail (Burke and Orlick 42; Clemmit 304). The mental and physical demands in these sports are high. Jay (6) categorizes these sports into three based on the place of action. Speed is the major goal in extreme land sports. Extreme air sports have its participants fly, leaping off a high building or bridge. Extreme water sports involve speed, balance or nature exploration. These are all risky sports and should be tried only with proper equipments and training and under supervision. Examples of these sports include high altitude climbin g, skating, motor-cross and martial arts among others. Extreme sports have become popular all over the world because of entertainment industries, corporate sponsors and mass communication. According to Mickle, over the past two decades, the sport has grown exponentially, outdoing other sporting activity. Many organizations use these sports to sell their products because the sports attract mass audience. Another reason is because they want customers to associate their products with the power exhibited in extreme sports. For example, snowboarders are about 18.5 million in the world, with 75% of America’s population of these snowboarders being made up of young people below the age of 24 (Clemmit 300). This popularity could be interpreted to show that the sport is not as dangerous as the public has been made to perceive it or that many people are at risk of the involved dangers. It is therefore important to consider arguments on either side to make an informed conclusion. Argumen ts for Extreme Sports being too dangerous Referring to these sports as extreme indicates their potential; any small mistake could highly lead to death, hence considered as too dangerous. First, they are barbaric and deadly. Clemmit (299) gives the example of mixed martial arts, MMA, where combatants use deadly moves which are kickboxing, sumo and jujitsu among others. It is out of such techniques that the author gives the example of Dean Lewis, a Canadian teenager who was injured badly in the ring because of an upkick to the nose, an illegal technique in MMA. In fact, the American and British medical associations does not approve of ultimate fighting because they risk physically and permanently harming participants. Their advocacy for states to ban such sports has seen states such as New York consider illegalizing such extreme sports (Profato 313). The risk of death extends from competitors in such sports to third parties, including the referees and audience. Even if participants pr epare themselves well, unforeseen risks such as slippery surfaces could easily lead to fatal accidents. Therefore, even the most competent sportspersons face the risk of death from extreme sports. Damage to property has been another reason for argument against extreme sports by its opponents. Property stand to be destroyed in case of an accident in these sports because most of them happen in public, multi-use spaces (Clemmit 310). Motor-cross sports have been cited

Classic film research Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classic film research - Movie Review Example My least favorite character will also be discussed. The character’s performance will be analyzed giving reasons for choosing the character as the least favourite. Finally, the essay will have a conclusion. Overview of the film The film is about a troubled man, George, who feels the need to commit suicide due to the troubles he has been encountering in his life. His friends and family from being concerned, offer prayers that eventually reach heaven and thus an angel, Henry, is challenged to save George in exchange of him earning wings. George lived his life being selfless. He gave up his wishes and ambitions in life for other people. However, his kindness did not reap him much since he faced a number of challenges in his life. For example, his father died, and his brother did not keep the agreement they made concerning what would happen after his brother graduates (James 53). George loses the hearing on his left ear while trying to save his younger brother. This cost him an opp ortunity to enlist when World War II erupts (James 63). Georges Company also fails when his uncle, Billy, loses a lot of money from the company on his way to the bank on Christmas Eve. These frustrations are the main reason that lead to George deciding to commit suicide and that’s when Henry, the guardian angel appears to him before he commits suicide. Henry has been given a challenge of ensuring George does not commit suicide, and thus he has appeared to start on a journey of achieving this. George’s life turns around (James 77). From the film, it can be deduced that the film makers had an intention of teaching the audience a lesson. The film revolves around a number of themes. Selflessness is a virtue that the film makers were trying to bring out. George was a selfless person. He gave up many of his dreams for his family and friends and asked for nothing in return. This is what a selfless person would do; give up one’s ambition for the good of others. There is no place in the film that portrays George taking advantage of others including his family and friends for his own benefit. Love is also another theme that comes out from the film. Georges family and friends saw what he was going through, and because of the love they had for him, they took the time to pray for him. Patience is another virtue portrayed in the film. Though George almost gave up the last minute, he practiced patience in most part of his life. He went through so much, but he kept trying. Taking initiative was another teaching that the film makers tried to bring out. The guardian angel, Henry, took the initiative of coming to earth jus when George needed him the most and was determined to make sure he saved George (James 140. Through these themes, the film makers were able to achieve the intentions they planned to teach the audience about life. They used the various characters life experience, attitude, and behavior to teach the audience about issues in life. For example , George’s life experience taught the audience about being patient. That life is not always smooth. It also achieved in teaching the audience that selflessness pays. That it’s important to be good to other, because through George always being there for his family and friends they were able to love and are for him when he needed them (James). Other characters like the guardian ange

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflection - Essay Example The Gibbs model of reflection divides the process into six stages, namely, the Description phase, where the event or topic is discussed; the feelings phase, where one’s thoughts and feelings about what happened are described; the Evaluation phase, where the positive and negative aspects, the pluses and minuses, good and bad aspects, of the experience or event are discussed; the Analysis phase, where one tries to piece together what the underlying dynamics and causes of the event or situation are, where one tries to grasp the essence of the event; the Conclusion phase, where one wraps up the preceding phases and tries to determine other courses of action that could have been pursued; and the Action Plan phase, where one draws up contingencies and plans of actions in the event of the reoccurrence of the incident or situation (The University of Northampton n.d.; La Trobe University 2011; Education Drop-In Centre 2012). Medication error or drug error is defined as any mistake or e rror in the administering a drug or medication, owing to a number of events, including mistakes in the way the drug was routed when administered, mistakes in the dosage administered, lapses in the prescription and administration of drugs for medical conditions, making use of expired medication, mistimed administration of the medication, and mistakes of ignorance arising out of not knowing what the adverse drug reactions are and what the adverse reactions are when co-administering or mixing different kinds of drugs or medications (Elsevier 2009; US Food and Drug Administration 2013; Hahn 2007; CTVNews.ca Staff 2013). The literature meanwhile traces the causes of medication errors to a number of factors, including that the handwriting in medical prescriptions are poor and its contents cannot be determined with certainty at the time of the reading; mistakes in choosing among drugs that have similar naming; and inadequate data relating to patient histories, sensitivities to certain medi cations, and any allergic reactions to any and all considered medications (Elsevier 2009). The emphasis in the discussions on medication errors is that they can be prevented, and the event itself has led to the misuse of medication or and the harming of the patient who took the medication. Medication error too covers the time when any and all medication is being handled not just by the medical practitioner, but also by the patient taking the medication itself, as well as the general consumer who has access to the medication. Medication error events, moreover, are tied to systems and procedures as well as the products of health care; the communication of the order; the labeling and packaging of the drug; the distributing, dispensing and compounding of a drug product; educating the patient about the drug; and the use and monitoring of the use of the drug by the patient. In all of these aspects there are possibilities for the occurrence or commission of drug error acts on the part of t he involved parties, as discussed above (US Food and Drug Administration 2013). Moreover, the literature notes that there are different rates of medication errors and adverse events associated with different classes and types of drugs, with some drugs, such as insulin and morphine, associated with higher rates of medication errors in their various aspects, including in their administration and in certain high-risk contexts, such as in acute care settings. The literature note

Correctional Mulicultural Substance Abuse Treatments Term Paper

Correctional Mulicultural Substance Abuse Treatments - Term Paper Example However, a new thinking has taken root in those who provide support and assistance to substance abusers that take into account the nuances inherent in a culturally-diverse society. This new paradigm produced what is called as â€Å"recovery movement† that includes the involvement of other stakeholders within the larger community. The old service delivery model was proven untenable, as people respond differently to substance abuse treatment based from their own cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Through this lens, prevention, cessation, detoxification interventions have now adopted this new approach. Multicultural realities are now recognized as having a big influence, and ultimately the eventual success, of any program. This is shown by the requirement that counselors need to undergo additional training in cultural and ethnic sensitivity, to enable them to administer these programs much better with higher chances of preventing recidivism among abusers. The new mentality is to tr eat abusers as victims and not as perpetrators of a crime, in light of the new thrust of an enlightened criminal justice system. Keywords: abuse, culture, ethnicities, language, programs, substance, treatment Introduction The drug menace has gotten worse over the years, with those who abuse illegal drugs in almost all spheres of society. Whether in high schools, in colleges and universities, in workplace situations, in non-profit organizations or even in the military, drug abuse has become prevalent. It has put a huge strain on government resources, and the fight against illegal drugs has not seen any improvement despite the best of efforts by many government agencies tasked in the â€Å"war on drugs† as it has become a very lucrative industry. People turn to drugs for a variety of reasons, in most instances trying it out first just for curiosity, but then people get hooked and they cannot shake their addiction anymore. It takes great willpower to desist from using illegal dr ugs and has been a big drain on government resources and also on the various agencies tasked to eradicate it. Some people turn to drug pushing in order to earn money while others use it for the â€Å"high.† Whatever is the underlying reason why a person gets hooked on drugs, there is always the heavy task of rehabilitating these drug addicts through the process of drug treatments, in case they want to regain back their normal lives. The criminal justice system, anchored on the three pillars of law enforcement by the police to catch drug criminals and users, the judiciary which is charged with trying those accused of the crime, and the corrections system which seeks to put in prison those found guilty, and eventually to rehabilitate all the drug victims, has fought a losing battle against this insidious menace which destroys lives and in turn, destroys the social fabric. A variety of approaches have been utilized in the later part of this fight against illegal drugs, that is, helping drug addicts and illegal substances abusers shake off their habit. This paper examines the techniques used to deal with abusers inside the corrections, based on multicultural realities. Discussion People respond differently to different approaches, as no two persons are exactly alike. The trend in health care today is what is

West African and African American Cultures - Before and After Assignment

West African and African American Cultures - Before and After Emancipation - Assignment Example Emancipation of the African Americans in 1863, their struggle for equality and citizenship resulted in their assimilating some aspects of American culture while retaining their original heritage to a small extent. Africa was the home of â€Å"people with different languages, traditions, histories, and religions''. The diversity of cultures was evident in the different types of group structures they lived in: some in ancient kingdoms such as those in the oldest of recorded history, and others in small family groups. Some of their societies had men leaders, and others had women as chiefs. The Gods they worshipped were of different forms, and some believed in one, while others in numerous Gods. People from all religions, Muslims, Christians, and others, whether they lived in towns or villages, participated in world affairs, taking central roles in them. Egyptians achieved great development in medicine, language and architecture, which had a significant impact on Greek and Roman culture. Millions of Africans were shipped to America between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries to work as slaves in the plantations, in the construction of towns and cities, as domestic help and for various menial jobs. The African American’s perspectives regarding the meaning and significance of Africa remains unclear; thereby affecting the identity problems of black people in America. The western stereotypical view of Africa as a land of wild people and wild animals affects the way African Americans think about Africa. The white disparagement of Africa was mainly to support imperialist interests and to rationalize â€Å"slavery and oppression of the descendants of Africa in their land of captivity†.

Life before new technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life before new technology - Essay Example In addition, the calls were not of the best quality meaning that by using landlines, phone calls had a higher chance of being dropped as compared to today’s cell phones. This is because; the switching process between calls was a manual process, before the automation of the system. In addition, there was a higher likelihood of landline telephony infrastructure getting vandalized, making calling a nightmare. This is as opposed to today’s telephony services, where calls are reliable and can be made without worries of dropping or getting disconnected. In addition, the calling rates were sky high considering the number of telephone service providers. Call providers were few and limited to certain geographic regions meaning that one only had limited choice in getting provider and, as a result, was at their mercy. With the emergence of the cell phone, calls are cheaper as compared to before their presence, with more service providers, and thus more choice due to competition br inging calling right to a cheap bargain (Goyal, 2002). This is, in addition to text messaging that, eases communication substantially without calling or consuming much time. Before the mobile phone people had to be confined in a given area to make, or even, receive a call. This made it highly inconvenient for both or all parties involved as one could not make or receive calls at their own time and at any place they wished, which made it very difficult to communicate because communication was opportunistic gamble that one had to make. With the cell phone, calls can be made at any place, and one’s own convenient time. In addition, another issue was the intertwinement of business and personal issues, as calls at work were strictly business and could not involve personal issues as it led to unprofessional conduct. Due to lack of cell phones and the presence of landlines created professional images in accompanies and businesses. However, the presence of cell phones has come to bri dge the boundary between personal life and the work place. This is because; they create opportunities for integrating work and personal issues, as one has the same number for the two aspects (Wajcman et al, 2007). Communication, other than the use of landline phones to make calls, required one to write letters, telegrams, and telegraphs or even fax the information to other individuals. With this in mind, communication was a slow process taking up to weeks to reach the intended individual. This was especially so between friends who intended to keep in touch and relate with each other easily. The process of communication was tedious and inefficient considering that the letters did not always get to the intended individual at all, or in time. Social media, on the other hand, has eased communication by linking different people from a variety of divides and bringing them together (Mueller, 2011). In respect to this, information flows easily between interested parties and cuts on the requ ired to create and receive a response. Still, on flow of information, networking was a difficult thing to do as there was no single place to be in order to meet people with similar interests and goals, unless an individual met them by coincidence or created a local group of people who can easily meet if need be. However, social media has made that outdated by bringing numerous people and groups together. This is in order to share ideas and thoughts on different topics with increased ease. This is especially

Big Switch Network Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Big Switch Network Design - Essay Example Access policy list is also configured in the VLAN for defining the routes. Moreover, VLAN is considered as a broadcast domain. It concludes that the broadcast generates from one computer can only be received to the destination which is defined by some criteria in the broadcast domain. The advantage of VLAN implementation includes an efficient way of bandwidth utilization and eliminating the network from possible broadcast storms, which results in denial of service. Furthermore, by implementing VLANs, the capacity of switching technology is utilized to its full potential. VLAN also supports ‘VLAN trunking protocol’. The ‘VLAN trunking protocol’ will significantly reduce administration for the switched network. Addressing Security Issues and Deployment Approach for WAN A router is a core computing and packet processing devices in the Bigswitch computer network. Router connects two or more networks with different subnets, enabling the networks to expand on an e nterprise level. Logically the router builds a routing table, where it stores all the route addresses. For example, the data packet source and destination is stored in the routing table. The network administrator can statically define the network addresses which are called as ‘static routes’. ... As the current network design incorporates a core backbone, it is essential for the network to be operational and efficient. Cisco 3845 integrated service router will fulfill all the network requirements. The Cisco 3845 Integrated Services Router provides optimal performance for parallel services on the local area network including security, voice and enhanced services. Improved speculation is achievable by increased performance and modularity. The Cisco 3845 ISR consist of robust ‘WAN’ slots to improve density. The router supports over 90 modules for enhanced and latest network functionality. The router supports both copper and fiber interface. Keeping in mind that the cost must be kept to a minimum, the router supports power over Ethernet (POE). It is the revolutionary technology integrating data, voice and power on a standard CAT 5 Ethernet infrastructure. This technology provides power to the devices connected on the network in parallel. The security aspect is attrac tive as the router has built in features for data encryption. The router also supports up to 2500 Virtual Private Network tunnels for creating connectivity with campuses of Bigswitch enterprise network. However, the AIM-HPII-PLUS Module is required to support VPN capability in the router. VPN is further elaborates as it is created to improve security and productivity by combining Cisco VPN technology. Cisco VPN has proved to be a reliable name in the industry to connect remote offices, remote users and remote sites in a secure way. VPN is most widely used for remote connectivity solutions in all sizes of organizations. It is affordable due to the provision of public switched telephone networks (PSTN)

Christianity and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christianity and Human Rights - Essay Example The Christian faith has been very instrumental in ensuring that the universal human rights are respected and that everybody is born with a certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from them. This means that everybody is equal irregardless of their races, color, sex and religion. Although Christianity has been cited by some people as being oppressive in various instances in the history, the role it has played in promoting human rights can be overly underestimated and this is because the religion from its inception have considered everybody as being created by one Supreme Being, God and that everybody is equal before the eyes of the lord (Tierney, 1997). However, the religion has also been culprit of gross human rights violation in various instances in history and especially the Pre-Christian period whereby some people were considered to have more rights than others. However, even at this time the religion still advocated for human rights in various aspects. The most import part to note is that the foundation that was laid by the religion have been very instrumental in today’s humanism and this can be evidenced by the fact that today’s secular humanism have adopted some of its aspects from Christianity (Jack, 2008). History Christianity has been very instrumental in furthering the ideology of universality and this means that since the Pre-Christian era to the modern time Christianity, the Christians have been very vocal in issues surrounding the human rights. In this respect, the Christians have also been involved in various issues that are concerned with human rights and this can be evidenced by various sentiments that have been aired by the Christians in various periods in the history. During the Pre-Christianity period the Jew advocated for the equality of all men (Richard Tuck, 1973). However, their views towards women were deeply discriminating and this can be attributed to the fact that their laws grossly violated the rights of the women. This can be evidenced by the various laws that were put in place whereby the women were not recognized as independent entities and they could not be allowed to attend some ceremonies and also perform some religious activities. All the leaders at that time were men and only few women assumed leadership roles. However, during that period, all people were considered to be created by God and with that came various inalienable rights which could not be violated by other people. In this period all people were considered equal before the eyes of God (Thomas, 2005). In the Christian period, all men were considered equal before the eyes of God and they were all considered to be the children of the almighty. During this period the rights of the women were also highly lobbied for and this was mainly through the teachings of Jesus Christ who asserted that all people were equal before the eyes of God irregardless of their sex, color or race. At this time, through the teachings of Jesus Christ even the slaves were deemed to have some rights and this meant that there was the promotion of the universality ideology. These sentiments however, were not felt by various races especially the Romans who deemed other races as inferior. This can be evidenced by the fact that the Romans being the ruling class enacted laws that were discriminative of other races especially the taxes. Still in this period there was gross abuse of human rights because there were people who were deemed as slaves and they were treated as inferiors (Elizabeth, 2005). In the Secular period, the human rights of all individuals have greatly been lobbied for by various organizations and this has played a very important role in ensuring that there is a gross protection of human rights. The secular world have deemed that every human being was born with a certain inalienable rights and these can be observed by the fact that such things as slavery were abolished and women have been afforded equality in various fronts as politics and

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics - Research Paper Example For instance, a reduction in the target federal funds rate by the Federal Open Market Committee is quite likely to lead towards a fall in the short term interest rates which are mostly charged on commercial papers and treasury bills among other financial products (Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 2012). The short term interests are affected not only by the current federal funds rate but also by the expected overnight changes in the rates (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011). The influence of federal fund rates on the interest rates has been shown in the figure below: Source: Money Cafe (2012) In addition, the changes in the federal funds rate also have certain noteworthy effects on the foreign exchange rates within an economy. For instance, if the fund rates increase in the United States, investing in dollar assets may seem to be more favourable, which in turn may result in the increase of the value of dollar in the foreign exchange market (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011). Furthermore, the Federal Reserve plays a vital role in setting up the monetary policies for a nation which includes the setting up of reasonable long-term interest rates as well. ... One of the major functions of the Federal Reserve is to control the money supply and credit supply in the economy in order to support the economic goals of a nation (Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 2012). Likewise, the increase in the federal funds rate might also cause the short term interest rates to rise. This can further lead the business houses and the customers to reduce their expenditures causing a decrease in the economic activities and leading to a fall in the employment rate (Modeste & Mustafa, 2002). A reduction in the in the interest rates of Federal Reserve is likely to result in the decrease in income and output level of the economy. The ‘contraction policies’ implemented by the Federal Reserve is mainly focused on controlling the cumulative demand in an economy. These ‘contraction policies’, have often been observed to lead towards a decrease in the aggregate supply of money within the economy. This results in an increase in the interest rat es which eventually decreases the investment level within an economy leading towards a substantial fall in the overall output level (Khawaja, 2012). The following diagram illustrates the influence of federal funds rate fluctuations on the output gap: Source: (Bivens, 2012) The federal fund rates have significant effect on inflation as well. A decrease in the federal fund rates is likely to result in an increase in the demand for goods and services. This increase in demand for commodities in turn enhances the employment opportunities for labours and requirement for raw materials for the production purpose (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011). This aspect can be evidently observed from

Life before new technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life before new technology - Essay Example In addition, the calls were not of the best quality meaning that by using landlines, phone calls had a higher chance of being dropped as compared to today’s cell phones. This is because; the switching process between calls was a manual process, before the automation of the system. In addition, there was a higher likelihood of landline telephony infrastructure getting vandalized, making calling a nightmare. This is as opposed to today’s telephony services, where calls are reliable and can be made without worries of dropping or getting disconnected. In addition, the calling rates were sky high considering the number of telephone service providers. Call providers were few and limited to certain geographic regions meaning that one only had limited choice in getting provider and, as a result, was at their mercy. With the emergence of the cell phone, calls are cheaper as compared to before their presence, with more service providers, and thus more choice due to competition br inging calling right to a cheap bargain (Goyal, 2002). This is, in addition to text messaging that, eases communication substantially without calling or consuming much time. Before the mobile phone people had to be confined in a given area to make, or even, receive a call. This made it highly inconvenient for both or all parties involved as one could not make or receive calls at their own time and at any place they wished, which made it very difficult to communicate because communication was opportunistic gamble that one had to make. With the cell phone, calls can be made at any place, and one’s own convenient time. In addition, another issue was the intertwinement of business and personal issues, as calls at work were strictly business and could not involve personal issues as it led to unprofessional conduct. Due to lack of cell phones and the presence of landlines created professional images in accompanies and businesses. However, the presence of cell phones has come to bri dge the boundary between personal life and the work place. This is because; they create opportunities for integrating work and personal issues, as one has the same number for the two aspects (Wajcman et al, 2007). Communication, other than the use of landline phones to make calls, required one to write letters, telegrams, and telegraphs or even fax the information to other individuals. With this in mind, communication was a slow process taking up to weeks to reach the intended individual. This was especially so between friends who intended to keep in touch and relate with each other easily. The process of communication was tedious and inefficient considering that the letters did not always get to the intended individual at all, or in time. Social media, on the other hand, has eased communication by linking different people from a variety of divides and bringing them together (Mueller, 2011). In respect to this, information flows easily between interested parties and cuts on the requ ired to create and receive a response. Still, on flow of information, networking was a difficult thing to do as there was no single place to be in order to meet people with similar interests and goals, unless an individual met them by coincidence or created a local group of people who can easily meet if need be. However, social media has made that outdated by bringing numerous people and groups together. This is in order to share ideas and thoughts on different topics with increased ease. This is especially

Big Switch Network Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Big Switch Network Design - Essay Example Access policy list is also configured in the VLAN for defining the routes. Moreover, VLAN is considered as a broadcast domain. It concludes that the broadcast generates from one computer can only be received to the destination which is defined by some criteria in the broadcast domain. The advantage of VLAN implementation includes an efficient way of bandwidth utilization and eliminating the network from possible broadcast storms, which results in denial of service. Furthermore, by implementing VLANs, the capacity of switching technology is utilized to its full potential. VLAN also supports ‘VLAN trunking protocol’. The ‘VLAN trunking protocol’ will significantly reduce administration for the switched network. Addressing Security Issues and Deployment Approach for WAN A router is a core computing and packet processing devices in the Bigswitch computer network. Router connects two or more networks with different subnets, enabling the networks to expand on an e nterprise level. Logically the router builds a routing table, where it stores all the route addresses. For example, the data packet source and destination is stored in the routing table. The network administrator can statically define the network addresses which are called as ‘static routes’. ... As the current network design incorporates a core backbone, it is essential for the network to be operational and efficient. Cisco 3845 integrated service router will fulfill all the network requirements. The Cisco 3845 Integrated Services Router provides optimal performance for parallel services on the local area network including security, voice and enhanced services. Improved speculation is achievable by increased performance and modularity. The Cisco 3845 ISR consist of robust ‘WAN’ slots to improve density. The router supports over 90 modules for enhanced and latest network functionality. The router supports both copper and fiber interface. Keeping in mind that the cost must be kept to a minimum, the router supports power over Ethernet (POE). It is the revolutionary technology integrating data, voice and power on a standard CAT 5 Ethernet infrastructure. This technology provides power to the devices connected on the network in parallel. The security aspect is attrac tive as the router has built in features for data encryption. The router also supports up to 2500 Virtual Private Network tunnels for creating connectivity with campuses of Bigswitch enterprise network. However, the AIM-HPII-PLUS Module is required to support VPN capability in the router. VPN is further elaborates as it is created to improve security and productivity by combining Cisco VPN technology. Cisco VPN has proved to be a reliable name in the industry to connect remote offices, remote users and remote sites in a secure way. VPN is most widely used for remote connectivity solutions in all sizes of organizations. It is affordable due to the provision of public switched telephone networks (PSTN)