Advertising Guide Consumers Thinking, Actions And Behaviour

Advertisements guide consumers thinking, actions and behaviour as people come to accept the ideas shown through visuals. The most central of these is what it means to be a man or a woman. Ideas abot how to feel, dress, look and behave, and how to connect with other men and women is the culture we live in. A variety of advertisements such as TV adverts, billboards and print ads, outline the way men and women should be according to society. Advertisers give us gender specific advertisements to explain how it is to be a man or a woman. Society has grasped the concepts of what traditional roles in gender should be and applies them to advance their products and reach consumers. In it’s usual and verbal representation of the sexes, advertising†¦show more content†¦Female characters devote their primary energies to improving their appearences and taking care of homes and people.† (Wood, 1994: 235) Representations of men in advertising tend to target power, strength, independence and physique. Male characters are usually represented as isolated and as not needing to rely on others known as the lone hero. Men are seldom present in adverts for women. But when they are, they are commonly a more gentle, kinder, more friendly and understanding, less macho kind of man unlike the men portrayed in adverts for the male audience. Traditionally, advertisements have shown women as mothers and wives, suggesting a feminine ideal of domesticity. Representations of women highlight beauty, sexuality, physique and emotional dealings. Women are regularly represented as being part of a context such as family, friends and working as part of a team. Our gender identities are also reproduced in individual adverts which reflect the fact that, in the popular consensus man and woman are completely seperate genders: if you are not a ‘proper’ man, it follows with inexorable logic that you are ‘effeminate’; conversely, if you are not behaving ‘like a woman’, you will be stigmatised as ‘mannish’. In Erving Goffman’s book ‘Gender Advertisements’ (1979), he believes that when we look at advertisements carefully, they are infact very strange creations,

Film Review The Movie Opens Essay - 1920 Words

Set against the backdrop of the destructive ending of a century, and the beginning of a new, is a gritty crime drama with ties to science fiction that thrusts the audience into the forefront of the action. As the movie opens, the audience is quickly aligned with an unhappy ex-cop, who has no real job and lacks motivation, but maintains a sliver of hope by peddling illegal disks. A plethora of characters with distinctive goals are sent to both help and hinder the protagonists, Lenny, and later Mace, but the distinction is not always clear. The film’s style is showcased through specific techniques, such as POV sequences, as well as the depth of and range of information. These techniques serve as the main clues for whom to identify with and when throughout the film. An aspect of the film’s style is highlighted during the POV sequences, which also supplies the audience with depth of information. The film remains objective by confining the audience only to the knowledge of the external behaviors of the film’s characters, and never revealing their inner thoughts, especially when participating in activities such as viewing a disk. However, this technique is counterbalanced by the nine POV sequences that are strategically placed throughout the movie, which gives us perceptual subjectivity. For example, when a POV sequence is displayed to the audience, the audience is immediately able to identify with a character based on the disk that they are viewing. The POV sequences that areShow MoreRelatedSomething s Got Ta Give1026 Words   |  5 PagesSomething’s Gotta Give is an award winning movie written by Nancy Meyers. This romantic drama is greatly known for its middle-aged comedic relief because it highlights the sexual encounter s between an old bachelor and a cougar of a woman. The reviews written by Roger Ebert, A.O. Scott and Christopher Orr are about the movie Something’s Gotta Give which will include an opinion on the strengths and weaknesses of how each review is written. Roger Ebert’s 2003 movie review of Something’ Gotta Give was moreRead MoreThe Breakfast Club Jaws And Star Wars Analysis1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe Breakfast Club, Jaws, Star Wars. Major films that have reached the utmost level of recognition. They have become iconic in the film industry, and culturally consecrated by society. The films society deems worthy of such a recognition have shifted over the years, due to how society has shifted. Due to their popularity, it raises the question if movies which involve superheros could ever rise to such a title. If they can, which ones would be able to hold this honor? All of them? Only a select fewRead MoreEssay about The Birdcage1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe Birdcage What attracts us to the movie theatre on Friday nights? Is it the commercials we see? Or is it all the gossip we hear from friends and TV talk shows? Well for many, it is the critiques we read and hear almost every day. One who specializes in the professional evaluation and appreciation of literary or artistic works is a critic. The profession of movie criticism is one of much diversity. Reviews range anywhere from phenomenal to average. Not only are movies created for theRead MoreFilm Review Of The Intouchables Directed By Oliver Nakache And Eric Toledano1206 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Review- Statement of intention: My intention for this film review is to convince the reader to watch the film â€Å"The Intouchables†. As I believe this film is well worth watching as it portrays very good themes and has important life lessons incorporated throughout the movie. The Intouchables Are Really An Untouchable Pair The Intouchables Directed and written by: Oliver Nakache and Eric Toledano Rating: R (for language and some drug use) Genre: drama, art house, international, comedyRead MorePlot Of The Film The Night On Amity Island 1689 Words   |  7 PagesPlot of the Film After a skinny dip late in the night on Amity Island, there is a disappearance of a young woman. The following morning, parts of her body wash up on the Island’s shores. This prompts Martin Brody, the police chief, to believe that she was attacked by a shark and in effect, orders closing of the beaches. 24 hours later, the beaches are opened again. This follows concerns of the mayor and the medical examiner who brand the incident as an accident caused by a boat. The two value theRead MoreToy Story 3 Review1135 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent now. Weezy and Bo Peep, as well as others, are gone. They have fallen victim to damage, yard sales, garbage bags, donations, and simply being misplaced. There is a melancholy feeling in the air between Woody and the rest of the gang as the film opens. Andy is now 17 years old and is preparing to depart to college. Each toy is well aware as they watch him pack, that their futures will come down to either living in the attic, become donated, or thrown away. As Andy looks over all of his old toysRead MoreAnalysis Of No Country For Old Men1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn the film â€Å"No Country for Old Men,† there are many aspects that make it a fantastic piece of work. The authors A.O. Scott, Anthony Lane, and Christopher Orr all write brilliant reviews that praise the film as well as pick apart its shortcomings. However, none of the authors touched on the one seemingly obvious piece to the puzzle, which is the title. â€Å"No Country for Old Men† is a title that stands out among many others, and it does not speak for itself the way that many movie titles do. The titleRead MoreSurviving Children Who Now Have Posttraumatic Syndrome Disorder856 Words   |  4 Pagespentad is the purpose. The purpose of the film was to bring awareness to the U.S. involvement in Cambodia. Prior to the release of the movie, we knew little about how U.S. policies spilled over into Cambodia. The film made a human connection with the genocide of many Cambodians. The purpose was to shed light on the villains who were Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge (Magid 112). Another purpose was to bring the atrocities to the light. Another purpose of the film was to highlight the ravages of war, genocidesRead MoreAnalysis Of Kathryn Stockett s The Great Gatsby 1121 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod, the South, while more prejudiced than the North, was in one way more open-minded: blacks and whites cohabited with an informal and durable routine. They’d been living interweaved existences since the days of servitude. The Help is an emotionally all-encompassing, version of Kathryn Stockett’s influential 2009 novel, it comprehends that the rift between the races in the South was just one illusion after another. The film is set in Jackson, Miss. — The middle-class of the Deep South —The Help isRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Dog1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1997 Barry Levinson’s film Wag the Dog narrates its viewers a story about the successful rescue of the US President’s reputation that has been stained substantially. The President was involved in a sexual scandal eleven days before the election, according to the film’s plot. In order for him to be re-elected for the second term, extreme measures were taken by a Hollywood film producer Stanley Motss (Dustin Hoffman) and consultant Conrad Bean (Robert De Niro) to raise the ratings of the acting

Reforming The United States Prison System - 940 Words

Nathan Brand AP English 11 Ms. Westphald 1/19/2016 Reforming the United States Prison System The United States is the largest jailer in the world. With only 5 percent of the world s population and a disproportionate 20 percent of the worlds prison population the United States also has the highest incarceration rate in the world (Chamman). In fact one in every one hundred and ten adults in the United States will be incarcerated. Many of these adults will return to prison later in their life (ACLU). The Prison Crisis has become a recent phenomenon as from nineteen seventy four to two thousand and fourteen the prison population has increased four hundred and eight percent. The Prison System does not nurture the rehabilitation of prisoners well. A vindictive prison culture is created that nurtures violence. The United States prison system has the largest rate of people to return to prison (Williams). For many prisoners incarceration makes them more likely to return to prison (ACLU) For others prison leads to traumatic violations of rights such as rape, malnutrition, and systematic disparity. Through the obvious statistical evidence of the United States Prison system and the exploration of detrimental prison culture it becomes apparent that the system needs to be reformed. Prisons are not cost effective and they do not provide the right correctional help. The United States prison system is deeply flawed. Prison creates a culture that is detrimental to prisoners and allShow MoreRelatedHistory Of The Prison System1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of the prison system in the US is very extensive and encompasses nine different eras which include the Penitentiary era, Mass Prison, Reformatory, Industrial, Punitive, Treatment, Community-based, Warehousing, and the Just-desert era. Each era had its own strength and weaknesses that influenced each subsequent era that came after. the idea of a prison system came about from the colonist desire for a more humane method of dealing with criminal offenders. It was a key move away from corporalRead MoreThe Apocalypse Now : The Los t War On Drugs865 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to â€Å"The Apocalypse Now : The Lost War on Drugs†, the United States federal government began to become tough on â€Å"crime† especially drug offenses in the 1970’s under President Richard Nixon. Nixon stated that â€Å"drugs were public enemy #1† and that he was going to be tough on this crime. As a result, state level government began to create policies that were strict on drug offenses causing minimal sentencing for minor drug offenses. Instead of going after the root of the problem which was preventingRead MoreThe Death Of A Brooklyn Shelter For Domestic Violence1504 Words   |  7 Pagestwo weeks in prison which effectively destroyed the new life she was trying to create. Only after her lawyers moved the case to a more sympathetic judge, was she released. The fight was not over just yet. Her case was still not resolved, her spot at the shelter was gone, and she no longer had custody of her child. All for a bag of diapers. Thousands of cases just like Adriana’s are in the works every day in the United States. There are serious problems facing the American prison system that have pronouncedRead MoreThe Problem Of Democrats And Republicans Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesproperly reform the criminal justice system. This is an issue with nearly every topic and this is the main cause of issues in the country. The debates and lack of agreeable actions makes it seem nearly impossible for the country to change in positive ways in timely manners. This issue is the biggest issue in the United States of America, because it interferes with progress and reform. This is an integral part of why the current system remains in a dysfunctional state. This issues is more urgent thanRead MoreReforming Prisons : Reforming The Prison System Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pages Reforming our Prison System With the population of the United States prisons growing every day we need to evaluate if they are doing any good. Personally, I believe that we need to keep our prison system, but we need to take steps in reforming them rather than abolish them altogether. The United States has the highest number of incarcerated people than any other country in the world. We must sit down and look at other countries and see what they are doing different than the United States. In thisRead MorePros And Cons Of Solitary Confinement1001 Words   |  5 PagesOver the last couple of decades, prison systems have adopted the use of solitary confinement as a means of punishment and have progressively depended on it to help maintain obedience and discipline inside the prison structure. Solitary confinement is a form of incarceration in which a prisoner is isolated in a cell for multiple hours, days, or weeks with limited to no human contact. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, the United Stat es represents only 5% of the worlds population yetRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Juvenile delinquency is an ever growing issue in the United States, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, â€Å"In 2012, there were 3,941 arrests for every 100,000 youths ages 10 through 17 in the United States† (OJJDP, 2014). The way juveniles are treated in the criminal justice system is very different than the way adults are. In 1899, in Cook County, Illinois, the first juvenile justice system in the country was founded. This established an alternative wayRead MoreThe Debate Of Rehabilitation Vs. Reparation948 Words   |  4 Pages A common dilemma in the United States prison system is the debate of rehabilitation vs. reparation. Reparation involves strictly punishing the prisoner for their crime. On the other hand, rehabilitation aims to â€Å"fix† the prisoner for a potential eventual return to society. Ethically, reform makes more sense than reparation, as it aims to make the prisoner more useful to society, while increasing the overall safety of the society. A strong rehabilitation program would additionally cut down the numberRead MoreDealing With Repeat, Criminal Offenders, And The Justice System756 Words   |  4 Pages Dealing with repeat, criminal offenders, has become a hot-topic issue in the corrections community, as well as the justice system as a whole. Society demands to be protected from the criminal element, and rightly so, but how do we identify the career criminals, and keep them from harming others? Even though a small number of career criminals were responsible for the majority of the crimes being committed in the country, it was not until the mid-1980s that selective incapacitation began to beRead MoreCorrections Trend873 Words   |  4 Pagesobjectives that will be addressed are past, present and future trends of corrections. Also, analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators as well as the roles and issues of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. In today’s society the jails and prison pretty much function with the same protocol. In the past the history of the State prisons began at the Walnut Street Jail in 1790, it was the actually first American penitentiary located in Philadelphia. Punishments

Questions About the Cold War Responses and Conceptions

Cold War Introduction Right after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, and after Hitlers Nazi regime had been defeated, there was a struggle between the U.S. (and democratic allies of the U.S.) and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the post-WWII world. This struggle was called the Cold War, and it entailed many events and a great deal of tension between the forces of communism and those of democracy. American diplomat George Kennan explained that the Soviet Union was †¦a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with the U.S. there can be no permanent Vivendi [agreement between parties that disagree]†¦ (History.com). President Harry Truman said that it †¦must be the policy of the United States†¦to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation†¦by outside pressures (History.com). This paper reports the responses and conceptions three different individuals to questions about the Cold War. Interview #1: Gina, neighbor, 44 years of age What words or phrases come to mind when you think of the term Cold War? I remember in school reading about the Cuban missile crisis. The first thing I think of is reading about President Kennedy and deciding what to do when the Soviets were digging silos for missiles in Cuba. Gina said her teacher in social studies spent a lot of time discussing what options President Kennedy had after the American planes took photos of missile silos in Cuba. She said that according to her high school teacher †¦weShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Better Angels Of Our Nature By Steven Pinker1262 Words   |  6 PagesShort Essay Sally Togher | 15 April 2017 | Question 2 —————————- Evaluate and critique the different arguments for the decline in warfare since 1990. In the last decade, discussion of â€Å"the decline of war† has dramatically escalated. This essay evaluates and critiques three major arguments for the decline in warfare since 1990, examining the human nature approach of Steven Pinker, the shorter-term factors proposed by John Mueller and the alternative â€Å"New Wars† theory championed by Mary Kaldor. In combinationRead MoreModernization Theory Of The Post War Years1324 Words   |  6 Pagessentiment with regards to development following the Second World War. The United States found themselves in a unique position where they had shown their military and technological prowess, were the only victor whose infrastructure had not been damaged by the war and saw themselves as the technological leader of the world and a model to be emulated. Along with growing fears about Cold War tensions and the threat of communism, the domestic post-war environment contributed to the emergence of the predominantRead MoreA Big Idea1148 Words   |  5 Pagessprings a third: that governments should view the security threats they face, and the responses they make to them, holistically, and unite them under an overarching National Security Strategy. We might call these three ideas collectively ‘the idea of national security’. It is no coincidence that this idea emerged in the years after the Cold War. For forty years until 1989, one specific security issue—major war—was seen to have dominated threat perceptions, and one specific policy instrument—conventionalRead MoreConflicts Are International Problems And Require Global Rather Than National Effort1694 Words   |  7 PagesTHEORATICAL CONCEPTION Conflicts are international problems and require global rather than national effort to eliminate and therefore the international society to recognize it to eliminate the institutions that make war likely. Therefore, the humanitarian organizations have increasingly stressed the need for the international community to embrace principles of human rights, diversity, good governance and participation when responding to situations of insecurity and violent conflict (Botha, 1989)Read MoreSecurity Studies : A Sub Discipline Of International Relations1836 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Security studies is a sub discipline of international relations, established after WOI in the United Kingdom, having the desire to prevent a repetition of the horrors of the Great War (Collins 2016). While the roots of security studies can be traced back to Thucydides and Sun Tzu, the conception of security in the mind of many people, scholars and politicians is shaped by three fundamental moments in history: the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the French Revolution in 1789 and the establishmentRead MoreHow Democratization Is A Factor Of Peace Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe proposition that democracies do not enter in war between them is according to some liberal thinkers that most resembles a law (in the sense of the natural sciences) in the field of international relations. This assertion is far from having led to a consensus among political scientists and is widely rejected by scholars including realistic thinkers. This thesis argues that democratization is a factor of peace. However the question remainshow to democratize? . That is why Western countries haveRead MoreBlack Boy : Breaking The Chains Of Mental Slavery1720 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 15,2014 Black Boy: Breaking the Chains of Mental Slavery 4. Race plays a large role in who and how we define ourselves. The question time and time again asked is who hold the key in deciding who do someone allow to define along with the limitations of such assumptions us and can the limitations how society views us hold the black individual(s) back. In this response I will focus on the idea of â€Å"Racism and its effects on individual experience†. Throughout the novel Wright tries to come to termsRead MoreLiterature About China s Rise Of East Asia Varies Across International Relations Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pages Literature about China’s rise in East Asia varies along International Relations (IR) Theory methodologies, Think Tank papers, Government research, and media coverage. This literature review covers a period between 2000 and 2009 that establishes a baseline interaction, or ‘before’ (George and Bennett 2005, 166) outcome, among and between the key actors under investigation in this study. Use later in t his predictive study, content post-2009 serves to judge a change in interaction. Many well-informedRead MoreThe Principle Of State Sovereignty1902 Words   |  8 Pagesto the following questions: from whence did sovereignty first emerge, and what is its prime ideational underpinning? Why has sovereignty come to be embroiled in heated global debate since the termination of the cold-war? In which manner has the doctrine of R2P served to countervail that of sovereignty? How would realists and liberals conceive of this dilemma, and which of their respective positions may be said to hold more weight? Once having formulated responses to such questions, a conclusive proposalRead MoreCoping with War: A Comparison Between Slaughterhouse Five and A Farewell to Arms1630 Words   |  7 PagesEarnest Hemmingway once said Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime. (Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Reference) War is a gruesome and tragic thing and affects peop le differently. Both Vonnegut and Hemmingway discus this idea in their novels A Farewell to Arms and Slaughterhouse Five. Both of the novels deal not only with war stories but other genres, be it a science fiction story in Vonnegut’s case or a love story in Hemingway’s. Despite all the similarities

Ptlls Assignment 5 Free Essays

Evaluate a range of ways to embed elements of functional skills in your specialist area. Functional skills, a new development initiative to standardise the qualifications for English, maths and I. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Ptlls Assignment 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now T. In the past they have been known as several different names: core skills, common skills, basic skills, key skills, a minimum core. Wilson (2009) These are building blocks of skills that enable the learner to underpin all learning, without these skills learners would struggle with all the basic learning, life and work skills. During the teaching cycle within my workshop/classroom, I try to introduce as many functional skills as possible into my courses. Here are a few examples of how I include some of the functional skills into the course content: This is an example of an exercise that always seems to go down well with my learners, I divide my learners into pairs, issue them with pens, paper, a catalogue from a tool supplier, i. e. screw fix and set them a task to order and purchase a set of basic tools that would enable them to carry out a decorating project from start to finish.I set them a budget and they have to stay within the budget. This exercise encourages numerous functional skills to be developed. Communication , literacy , problem solving, thinking literacy, maths , using a calculator( IT skills are almost impossible for me to include because of the restrictions exposed on the learners by the prison regime). Another example that always seems to be a fun challenge with my learners is a word list competition.I have printed handouts with a list of words, meanings and explanations and as I progress through a unit of the course, the students have to try to identify the buzz words on the sheet. The first ones in the class to identify the full list correctly get a simple prize i. e I make coffee for the winner .. Simple but effective and enjoyed ,especially getting me to make the coffee. It encourages healthy competition, thinking skills problem solving, literacy, as well as product and skill knowledge. Being new to teaching experience I am presently undergoing a series of teaching sessions with my factional skills advisor within the college to help me to develop my understanding and ability to include all of the functional skills within my City and Guilds course and within lesson plans and teaching sessions which will help me to develop my skills for future development in this subject.References: Wilson L. 2009 Practical Teaching A guide to PTLLS and DTLLS p43. Zirinski. Croatia. How to cite Ptlls Assignment 5, Papers

Media Influences on Social Norms and Health Free Essays

Media’s Authority on Illness: Messages the Public learn In today’s culture, the media influences many aspects of daily life. For the purpose of this research the media will encompass television, newspaper, magazines, and internet and the messages learned from these outlets relating to illness. In addition, investigating how people in power authoritative the messages portrayed on the media outlets and the agenda behind the messages. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Influences on Social Norms and Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now The people or organizations that influence the media have a big impact on the way we learn or feel about illness. Human beings can come to accept most anything that is repeated on the news, published in magazines, and said by people of influence. People in power will include, for the purpose of this argument, those with credentials, self-help â€Å"experts†, and funding agencies for specific illnesses. The media and people in power control what the public learns about illness. Moreover, publicizing illness when there is a finical gain or what socio-economic group suffers from the disorder or illness. According to Brumberg (2000), anorexia nervosa was a relatively unheard of disease until the 1980s. Today it is so commonplace that women will see a friend who has lost weight or looks skinny and refer to her as â€Å"looking anorexic. † If this disease was only labeled as anorexia around thirty years ago how did it explode into mainstream culture so quickly? There are a number of different arguments to pose: elite women from Ivy League universities took interest in the topic, the three most popular women’s’ magazines published many stories about the disease, and people of social status died from this disease (Brumberg 2000). Different diverse newspapers became intrigued and jumped on the anorexia bandwagon, even including pictures of gauntly women on the covers claiming outrageously high numbers of women that now have this disease (Brumberg, 2000). It is also important to note that nearly all of the anorexia sufferers were white and came from rich families (Brumberg 2000). These girls coming from wealthy families obviously had the money to pay for treatment and doctors. It is possible that their families ran in circles with doctors, scientists, and people that have social status to make powerful decisions. These decisions generated media attention leading to the general public being flooded with movies, documentaries, and news broadcasts (Brumberg 2000). If these affected by this new disease of anorexia were poor and underprivileged arguably the public would not have learned about anorexia and it might possibly not exist today. Like anorexia, the disease of fibromyalgia did not exist as a labeled disorder until the mid seventies (Barker 1999). Remarkably now six million Americans are diagnosed a syndrome which did not exist thirty years ago. Self-help literature and the internet is one of the biggest facilitators in generating information to the public as well as funded organizations (Barker 1999). According to Barker (1999) fibromyalgia is characterized by many different symptoms and it can present itself differently for every case. Interesting enough during interviews Barker performed with twenty-five women only one woman had not read self-help books, but she relied on information from her support group leader to learn about her syndrome (Barker 1999). Debatably, these women may have never learned they had a syndrome, lived their lives without media messages, and possibly saving money, time, and heartache dealing with this new diagnosis. By looking at the new diseases of fibromyalgia and anorexia it is clear that the media and people of influence taught the general public about these illnesses and facilitated there widespread exposure, but how does the media choose what messages to deliver and what messages to keep away from the general public. Clearly, anorexia was a disease of wealthy, attractive girls which could make a good story, generating money for the news outlets, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies. In addition, fibromyalgia could generate the same type of financial gain for doctors and medical companies, but are these the only motivators for the media and powerful people. According to Armstrong, Carpenter, and Hojnacki (2004) who constructed a study about whose deaths matter in America with attention to the mass media and the same motivators were congruent with the results they found. Consistent with powerful people controlling messages in the media, Armstrong et. al (2004) discovered that celebrities and members of Congress become involved with different diseases promoting attention and consequently leading to these promoted diseases appearing on national media outlets. For example, when Karen Carpenter died of anorexia it brought many celebrities together to publicize anorexia teaching the public the importance of treatment for anorexia (Brumberg 2000). The media claims that the diseases they cover are those that affect the general population but ironically the people that dictate what these general population diseases are, consist of the influential people and those with credentials (Armstrong et. al 2004). During Armstrong et. al (2004) study they also discovered that the media is more likely to cover diseases that affect white people than black people, even if a disease is killing many more blacks than whites. Mass media focuses more on the color of someone’s skin and social status than the mortality rate of a certain disease or illness. This absurdity can also be seen not only with what the media covers, but with what they choose not to cover. From the 1960s to 1980s black men in Harlem had a lower rate of survival than men in Bangladesh (McCord and Freeman 1990) and this was not publicized or put on any major media outlet. If white men had a lower survival rate it would have been all over the major news headlines because of their socio-economic status and control towards the media. The unequal coverage of media attention because of issues of power, race, and money in turn condition the general public’s perception about illness. Even people that are educated and intelligent many times cannot control being manipulated by the media to go along with messages they are delivering. What’s more is if the doctors, celebrities, and powerful funding companies are not endorsing an illness, therefore the media does not cover it, the general public will not ever hear about it. Surely, if anorexia suffers would have been black women with low socio-economic status the top women’s magazines in the country would not have published stories, news broadcasts would have been non-existent, and quite possibly anorexia would only be known to few and not a mainstream disease. Diseases that affect minority groups draw far less media attention and Armstrong et. al (2004) theorizes that it stems from predominantly white broadcasters and media executives. Furthermore, speculating that media workers would rather focus on illness that affects their particular social class and group (Armstrong et. al 2004). This theory continues to support the argument that the people in power are working through the media to control the messages the public learn about illness and disease. Organized advocates, research scientists, and politically active organizations also have a high investment in messages the media relays to the public. Advocates call great attention to their cause threw drawing on media attention and aligning themselves with politicians that support their cause in accordance with the policy goals of the politician (Armstrong et. al 2004). It is a win for all involved; the politicians get the media coverage they want for their agenda, again sending messages about illness in a political format. People in power and the media have an enormous function in controlling what messages the public learns about illness. There are many different reasons they want to control the messages humans take in through various types of media outlets. Facilitating their own social group, money, and political gain are just a few addressed in this argument. The mass media, controlled by powerful people decide what illness they want the public to learn about and often times it has more to do with race and status than how many people are actually suffering or even dying from a disease. References McCord, C. Freeman, H. P. (1990). â€Å"Excess Mortality in Harlem. † New England Journal of Medicine, 322:25 p. 173-177. Brumberg, J. J. (2000). â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa in Context. † Fasting Girls pp. 10-21, 33-42 264-267. Armstrong, E. , Carpenter, D. Hojnacki, M. E. (2006). â€Å"Whose Deaths Matter? Mortality, Advocacy, and Attention to Disease in the Mass Media. † Journal of Health Politics and Law 31:4, pp. 729-772. Barker, K. (2002). â€Å"Self-Help Literature and the Making of an Illness Identity: The Case of Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). † Social Problem 49:3, pp. 279-300. How to cite Media Influences on Social Norms and Health, Essay examples

Health Care Inquiry for BMC Medical Ethics -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Care Inquiry for BMC Medical Ethics. Answer: Introduction Do stimulants increase academic performance in university students? This is a critical question that sits in the mind of many health researchers and while most of the younger people would very much shoot first and ask questions later, it is necessary to arrive at a concrete conclusion before deciding on the best way forward. This paper seeks to weigh out the best option that should be kept to as seen from different sources. It is without a doubt that evolution is still an ongoing process only that this time it is of a mental kind. A cognitive progression continues in modern man as he continues to make his life simpler. Gone are the days when Roman soldiers had their limbs amputated without anesthesia as they got subjected to the gruesome process of primitive surgery of the times gone. Evidence One Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. Authorship In their research paper, (Hildt et al., 2014) had a face to face interview with a sample of 18 university students who used cognitive enhancement drugs prescribed to which they arrived at the conclusion that not only does prescription stimulants for performance enhancement among university students is of no critical relevance as it is not an isolated phenomenon, it also gives the students the ability to balance their time between school life and their time off. The research subjects claimed that the use of nootropics enabled them to cope with memorizing class work better, enable them to have a proper management of time and generally, it increased their motivation. Research Aims Broadly speaking, the research outcomes supported the use of the nootropics as they also boosted the students life outside of school. However, it should be noted that the person involved was always under pressure to use the drugs. This pressure would most likely end badly for the student suppose she did not keep up with her routine. The drugs boosted memory and increased motivation in its use but there is also a possibility for creating dependency on the individual. This means that the student in question must regularly take the pills failure to which he might succumb to inconsistencies in his school work. It is these negative effects that the research papers failed to show. Design The research was based on six categories: use of the stimulant beyond academic performance enhancement, timing the consumption, objective results academically, the side effect, pressure and the subjective experience of enhancement which was concluded to be leaning greatly on the positive side of the user experience with excellent results. Findings It should be noted that the conclusion they arrived at supports the use of the drugs among the students as there was no inconsistency in the students subjective experiences and their objective academic results (Richardson et al,. 2016). This statement means that the test subjects educational efforts translated equally to their academic result at the end of the semester. Before, it was noted that memorizing class work became easier while they were on the pills. One must consider whether this is really the case. To answer this, a little psychology should be put into context. The mind, as it is, is complex. There have been instances of people walking on hot coals without wincing, or of monks making steam come from their bodies after splashing cold water on them. All these instances narrow down to one belief system; mind over matter. Strengths and weaknesses According to Sir Charles Lyell, our improbable ability to reason shows us our ever-increasing dominion of our mind over matter, philosophers would argue likewise. Even monks are in the same line of thought; it is why they are monks after all. But how does this apply in this case? Think about it, anyone can do what he believes he can do. Give a leper a pill for malaria and you will see him get cured because he believed it would; its all mind over matter here. However, placebo effect doesnt give us concrete grounds for a conclusion. Still, psychology gives us an opening for argument. There are three keywords that the test subjects mentioned: boosting memory, proper time management, and excellent motivation. Psychologically speaking, all work and no play make the mind dull and unproductive. We need to keep the reward centers of our brains active to get motivated to work even more.it is all a cycle, we work, we reap the fruits and if they are good, we yearn for more. Still, one must keep an open mind here. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi: https://ift.tt/2fDSHfZ Authorship In the research paper, (Munro et al., 2017) deduced that of the 308 test subjects of their research study, only a 19% used the nootropics without prescription. They were also able to come up with several theories as to this deduction, chief of which is effective functionality (EF). EF is the ability of a student to be able to plan, self-regulate and become goal-oriented in their studies. Research Aims The main aim of the research study carried out by Munro and his team was to advocate against the use of the cognitive enhancing drugs prescribed (Munro et al, 2017). This is because the subjects with low EF had a reported case of using the drugs with translated in their GPA scores becoming lower. This did not change no matter how much of the drugs they used. There is an explanation to this. Having a low EF means that there is a low cognitive flexibility within the individual, which also means that there are low self-programming and no overall goal-directed behavior. The students expected that by using the drugs, their mental prowess gets automatically boosted. They put no effort in trying to study as they have not properly planned out their days well. Eventually, they lose sight of why they took the pills in the first place and thus their motivation gets significantly reduced and thus their overall GPA scores. Design (Hildt et al, 2014) used a one to one interview with the test subjects to arrive at their findings. A one to one interview is not a reliable source of information as there is always room for errors with the interviewees lying suppose the question hurts their feeling which was probably one of the most likely cases here (Malik et al, 2015). The researchers were only told what they wanted to hear and the likeliness of the sources being reliable was not considered. However, the results proved to be consistent in the end and it is from this that a conclusion was arrived at. Findings It was discovered that students with low EF succumbed to using smart pills due to their problems with keeping up with themselves and their studies. Based on their GPAs and BDEFS the researchers could conclude that using smart pills prescribed had a significant relationship between executive functioning and their overall GPA scores (Hajbaghery, 2005). This second research study stands against the use of the nootropic without a doctors prescription. Strengths and weaknesses (Munro et al, 2017) carried out the research broader with the 308 test subjects coming from six different public institutions and the methods used evidence based on their school performance at the end of the semester. The evidence obtained was, therefore, more conclusive and certain than the latter research findings. Barriers for the application of evidence in practice The two research outcomes are contradictory. Whereas one seeks to stand for the use of the cognitive enhancing drugs, the other strongly advocates against it on the grounds of being prescribed to the user. The first research outcome came out positive but the methods that were followed are not reliable. Even so, it still supports the use of the drugs if the user has a prescription and has the advice on which drug to use from the doctor. However, one must not expect the best outcomes from using as there is a lot of things involved, chief among them arising from the commitment that the user puts into his school work. How closely the research studies provided align with the PICO questions To answer this question, it is necessary to go deeper than the two research papers. The performance enhancing drugs trace their history to ADHD. They were used to enable people with this mental condition to cope and can lead a normal life and eventually, it was realized that it boosted attention and memory and thus it became common among college students. Today, the advancement in the medical field has led to a multitude of magnificent discoveries that makes us gods in a practical way. There exist pills for everything; ones for stopping pregnancy; ones to induce sleep and even those that boost the brain and memory capacity. It is the latter kind, the nootropics that are of interest. Currently, there are several brain supplement drugs sold over the counter and marketed for their abilities (Barkley, 2011). However, most of them are not prescribed by doctors and have found their way to the public particularly students. Their marketing is based on several speculations most of which are strongly advised against by professional doctors. The use of brain enhancement drugs has more antagonistic effects as they have positive effects on the plus side, they enable one to be motivated and improve time management but on the other hand, they might be dangerous (Bamberger et al, 2011). Besides worsening underlying mental conditions of the patient, there is room for other adverse effects. For one, the alter brain chemistry which is how they function. These drugs function by opening more serotonin receptors which the brain translates as improving more body activity. This means that the user becomes more active which possibly alters with the sleeping cycle of the individual which creates the need to use sleeping pills. Dependence is also another issue. Constant use means that the individual lives in a state where he cannot function without using the drugs at any given time. Eventually, the person succumbs to addiction and adverse withdrawal effects when the individual tries to opt out. Dependency is also linked to overdose which is a life risk. Ethically, taking brain-enhancing drugs is not the best way. The brain is the most complex organ in the human body thus using substances to alter its normal functioning to seek good grades is not worth it in the end. Moreover, everything used to alter the normal mental state of a human being all have very negative side effects both to the individual and to the community. Take illegal drugs for example. Conclusion In conclusion, the use of brain enhancing drugs, prescribe or otherwise, is not the best way to go for a student more so a medicine scholar as it beats the reason for learning in the end. Learning is the process of creating people who have proven to qualify for the field that they studied for. Proper time management is always of the essence for a scholar as it is what it all narrows down to in the end. References Bamberger, M., Rugh, J., Mabry, L. (2011). RealWorld evaluation: Working under budget, time, data, and political constraints. sage. Barkley, R, A. (2011). The Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Chan, G. K., Barnason, S., Dakin, C. L., Gillespie, G., Kamienski, M. C., Stapleton, S., ... Li, S. (2011). Barriers and perceived needs for understanding and using research among emergency nurses. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 37(1), 24-31. Elfil, M., Negida, A. (2017). Sampling methods in Clinical Research; an Educational Review. Emergency, 5(1), e52. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325924/ Greenhalgh, T.M., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Lambros, A., Warland, J. (2017). Understanding research methods for evidence-based practice in health 1e Wileyplus learning space Wiley e-text powered by Vitalsource. Wiley. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/2xjnxVh 1ACUsearch_scope=61ACU_Alltab=61acu_alllang=en_US Hajbaghery, M. A., Salsali, M. (2005). A model for empowerment of nursing in Iran. BMC health services research, 5(1), 24.Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-5-24 Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Kajermo, K. N., Undn, M., Gardulf, A., Eriksson, L. E., Orton, M. L., Arnetz, B. B., Nordstrm, G. (2008). Predictors of nurses perceptions of barriers to research utilization. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(3), 305-314. Malik, G., McKenna, L., Plummer, V. (2015). Perceived knowledge, skills, attitude and contextual factors affecting evidence?based practice among nurse educators, clinical coaches and nurse specialists. International journal of nursing practice, 21(S2), 46-57. Moore, D. R., Burgard, D. A., Larson, R. G., Ferm, M. (2014). Psychostimulant use among college students during periods of high and low stress: an interdisciplinary approach utilizing both self-report and unobtrusive chemical sample data. Addictive behaviors, 39(5), 987-993. Retrieved from https://www.pugetsound.edu/files/resources/addictive-behaviors-revise-resubmit_rev.pdf Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. Richardson-Tench, M., Taylor, B., Kermode, S., Roberts, K. (2016). Inquiry in health care (5th [ACU] ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning. Suresh, K., Thomas, S. V., Suresh, G. (2011). Design, data analysis and sampling techniques for clinical research. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 14(4), 287. Yensen, J. (2013 J. Nurs. Inform. 17(3). Retrieved from PICO search strategies.

Accessing prior knowledge through hands on experie Essay Example For Students

Accessing prior knowledge through hands on experie Essay nceThe importance of prior knowledge and the life experiences of a child play a significant role in the learning of new concepts. When a child can connect what they already know with new ideas and vocabulary, they can better grasp new concepts and take more interest in the subject matter. Strength in language arts is vital to learning any text whether it is mathematics, science or social studies. What can educators do to incorporate text to bring more meaning to a childs learning experience? Guillaume suggests several ideas which reflect the literature on content area reading and learning. One idea is to access and build prior knowledge with the use of manipulatives and multimedia presentations. In order to encourage discussion in the classroom display several meaningful real life objects, artifacts, models, photographs, etc. The children will have the opportunity to observe these objects and ask questions. Comparisons can be made between what they are seeing and what they already know. Experiments such as making a volcano with household ingredients can demonstrate to a child the action of a live volcano thus bringing interest to text referring to changing landforms. Use a salting process so the students can witness the corrosion of metals. These experiments have much more impact on a child than the simple reading of text. They now have prior knowledge to relate to the concept. Guillaume, Andrea M. (1998). Learning with text in the primary grades. The Reading Teacher, 51, 476-486.